A Resilient and Sustainable Water Sector: Barriers to the Operationalisation of Resilience
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (a)
- The supply side (quality and quantity), due to hydro-climatic variability;
- (b)
- At the delivery side, as current infrastructure and treatment methods continue to age and become less reliable in an ever-evolving context of limited investment and increased regulation;
- (c)
- At the demand side, as demographics and socio-economic trends alter demand levels whilst customer expectations for quality of service and value for money increase.
- (a)
- Secure the long-term resilience of water undertakers’ supply systems and sewage undertakers’ sewage systems as regards environmental pressures, population growth and changes in consumer behaviour, and
- (b)
- To ensure that undertakers take steps for the purpose of enabling them to meet, in the long term, the need for the supply of water and the provision of sewerage services to customers. [37].
2. Water Governance in England and Wales
2.1. Development of Water Sector Structure
2.2. Water Governance in England and Wales
3. Defining Resilience
Resilience and a Water Sector Definition
4. Metrics and the Measurement of Resilience
Metrics for the Water Sector
5. Acknowledging the Socio-Technical
5.1. Development of Socio-Technical Systems
5.2. Socio-Technical Systems and the Water Sector
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Regulator | Industry Name | Description | Key Responsibilities |
---|---|---|---|
The Water Services Regulation Authority | OFWAT | A non-ministerial government department that is the economic regulator for the water and sewerage sectors in England and Wales. They are responsible for making sure that companies they regulate provide consumers with a good quality and efficient service at a fair price. |
|
Environment Agency | EA | An executive non-departmental public body responsible to the DEFRA Secretary of State. They decide how much water can be abstracted from the environment and sets and enforces standards for the return of treated wastewater to the environment. |
|
Drinking Water Inspectorate | DWI | Responsible for enforcing drinking water quality standards in England and Wales. |
|
Consumer Council for Water | CCW | Represents customers interests relating to price, service and value for money. Investigates customer complaints about water quality. |
|
Department for Environment, Food and Agriculture | DEFRA | The UK government department responsible for water policy and regulations in England and Wales. Sets drinking water quality and environment standards which water companies must adhere to. |
|
Year | Legislation | Key Points |
---|---|---|
1989 | Water Act | Facilitated the privatisation of water and sewerage companies. |
1991 | Water Industry Act | Main powers and duties of newly formed water and sewerage companies replacing those that were set out in the Water Act 1989. |
1991 | Water Resources Act | Set out functions of the then National Rivers Authority (now Environment Agency) and introduced water quality classifications and objectives for the first time. |
1992 | Competition and Service Act 1992 | Increased Ofwat’s powers to determine disputes and increased the limited opportunities for competition in the industry. |
1995 | Environment Act | Restructuring of environmental legislation to promote efficient use of water by customers. Created the Environment Agency, a new body which took over the National Rivers Authority, Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Pollution, the waste regulation functions of local authorities and certain elements of the Department for Environment. |
1998 | Competition Act | Prohibits agreements between businesses that prevent, restrict or distort competition. Also prohibits any abuse of a dominant market position. Ofwat and Competition Markets Authority share enforcement powers. |
1999 | Water Industry Act | Made amendments to the Water Industry Act 1991 including; removing a company’s right to disconnect household customers for non-payment of bills, limiting circumstances in which companies can start charging domestic customers on a metered basis and securing that companies could continue to charge customers on the basis of rateable value. |
2002 | Enterprise Act | Update of Water Industry Act 1991 to update the regime for the compulsory reference of certain mergers between water companies to the Competition Commission. |
2003 | Water Act | Changes to framework for abstraction licensing and corporate structure of economic regulation. |
2010 | Flood and Water Management Act 2010 | Encourages use of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs), amended the Water Industry Act to modernise the list of activities that can be restricted by water companies in a drought, and made it easier for water companies to offer lower tariffs to certain groups. |
2014 | Water Act | Enables greater competition for non-household customers—limited to English water companies. Provision of statutory duty to Ofwat for resilience and new powers to make rules on charges and charges schemes as well as making provisions for flood insurance and drainage boards. |
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Lawson, E.; Farmani, R.; Woodley, E.; Butler, D. A Resilient and Sustainable Water Sector: Barriers to the Operationalisation of Resilience. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051797
Lawson E, Farmani R, Woodley E, Butler D. A Resilient and Sustainable Water Sector: Barriers to the Operationalisation of Resilience. Sustainability. 2020; 12(5):1797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051797
Chicago/Turabian StyleLawson, Elizabeth, Raziyeh Farmani, Ewan Woodley, and David Butler. 2020. "A Resilient and Sustainable Water Sector: Barriers to the Operationalisation of Resilience" Sustainability 12, no. 5: 1797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051797
APA StyleLawson, E., Farmani, R., Woodley, E., & Butler, D. (2020). A Resilient and Sustainable Water Sector: Barriers to the Operationalisation of Resilience. Sustainability, 12(5), 1797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051797