How is COVID-19 Experience Transforming Sustainability Requirements of Residential Buildings? A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Impact of COVID-19 on General Society and Urban Environment
3. Search Methodology and Data Collection
4. Residential Building Sustainability Lessons Learned from COVID-19
4.1. Health and Safety
4.1.1. Virus Propagation Risks
4.1.2. Domestic Violence Threat
4.1.3. General Health Risks
4.2. Environment
4.2.1. Energy
4.2.2. Waste
4.2.3. Water
4.3. Comfort
4.3.1. Personal Comfort
4.3.2. Living Cost
4.3.3. Local Services
5. Current Sustainability Requirements
6. Major Expected Changes in Sustainability Requirements
6.1. Health and Safety
6.2. Environment
6.3. Comfort
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data/Knowledge Source | Type of Information | Database/Source | Literature Found | Subtotal | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nazarbayev University Library | Peer-reviewed research papers | ScienceDirect | 13 | 51 | 119 |
PubMed | 25 | ||||
Others | 4 | ||||
Peer-reviewed research papers | MDPI | 5 | |||
Others | 4 | ||||
Policy reports | UN | 6 | 8 | ||
WHO | 2 | ||||
Other reports | 6 | 60 | |||
News | 19 | ||||
Blogs and Journals | 34 | ||||
Books | 1 |
Category | Subcategory | Problems | References |
---|---|---|---|
Health & Safety | Virus propagation risks | Existing residential buildings have many surfaces of contact (e.g., elevators, doors, ladders), which leads to limited capacity to protect the occupants from virus transmission through surfaces and by air. | [13] |
Domestic violence threat | Lockdowns tend to increase domestic violence frequency, and most existing residential buildings lack any service or facility that could help the victims. | [40,41,42,43,44] | |
General health risks | Housings that lack proper comfort can lead to a decline in both physical and psychological health. | [45] | |
Environment | Energy | Increased energy usage due to global lockdowns (e.g., cooking, the use of ICTs, laundry, entertainment) creates a greater and uninterrupted need for sustainable energy sources. | [46,47,48,49] |
Waste | Households are not ready to manage the possibly infected waste; therefore, there is an emerging need to create a waste separation and disinfection strategy. | [50,51] | |
Water | Increased water consumption due to lockdowns might lead to water shortages. It drives a larger necessity for sustainable water management. Wastewater needs to be treated appropriately and sanitized to diminish virus spread. | [52,53,54] | |
Comfort | Personal comfort | Households lacking comfort (personal space, outdoor space) complicate occupants’ lives and lead to health problems (including mental health). Unavailable ICTs lead to a deficient use of necessary services (e.g., medical consultation, food/medicines delivery). | [39,45,55,56] |
Living costs | Due to a sudden drop in economic activity during lockdowns, paying for increasing housing costs becomes problematic for several population classes. | [39,57,58] | |
Local services | Lack of independent local stores and pharmacies might create a crisis during lockdowns due to an insufficient amount of necessary reserves in food and medicines. | [11,59] |
Category | Subcategory | Details | References |
---|---|---|---|
Health & Safety | Smart technologies | Touchless technologies such as face recognition, voice control, motion sensors, keycard swiping will help decrease the contact with surfaces, which is one of the transmission routes of the viruses.Smart technologies would also allow designing self-cleaning spaces (bathrooms, toilets, etc.). | [7,17,35,84,85,86] |
Indoor finishing materials | Copper and its alloys can effectively kill microorganisms and viruses. Steel and plastic surfaces allow viruses to be active for long durations compared to copper or cardboard surfaces. However, antimicrobial additive for indoor finishing materials should be carefully selected due to the risk of equally being toxic to humans. | [35,85,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94] | |
Green and natural environment | The addition of green spaces into residential building designs will enhance the mental health of residents, decreasing stress, anxiety, and depression during lockdowns. Gardens, where people could grow their own plants, will facilitate the relaxation of residents and increase their psychological well-being. | [13,16,35,95,96,97,98,99,100] | |
Indoor air quality, temperature, humidity | Constant air ventilation is essential for maintaining clean indoor air to prevent the spread of the virus. Furthermore, the proper temperature and humidity of the air are critical to the health as well as the comfort of the residents. | [101,102,103] | |
Environment | Energy | Increased energy consumption due to work from home practices can be controlled via energy-consuming technologies and smart systems, which would increase the efficiency at home. | [47,104,105] |
Solid waste | Increased solid waste, especially personal protective equipment such as masks and gloves, highlighted a need for proper management and disposal of potentially infected waste. | [13,31] | |
Wastewater | Since the virus is able to transmit via human feces that contaminate wastewater, there is a risk of its transmission via sewage. Proper wastewater management via additional measures may be needed to avoid the spread of the virus via wastewater. | [13,54,56,71,72] | |
Comfort | Housing automation | Sensors and detectors connected to smart systems would allow us to manage and control the home more comfortably, faster, and smarter. | [13,106,107,108,109] |
Layout | With the emerging need to work from home, the layout of the rooms is going to likely be different, with more attention paid to the design of comfortable, isolated, and separate workplaces. | [31,79,110,111,112] | |
Intimacy | Difficulties in finding some private space during lockdown will shift new housing design towards more private spaces, allowing each family member to have a personal spot at home. | [33,113,114] |
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Tokazhanov, G.; Tleuken, A.; Guney, M.; Turkyilmaz, A.; Karaca, F. How is COVID-19 Experience Transforming Sustainability Requirements of Residential Buildings? A Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8732. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208732
Tokazhanov G, Tleuken A, Guney M, Turkyilmaz A, Karaca F. How is COVID-19 Experience Transforming Sustainability Requirements of Residential Buildings? A Review. Sustainability. 2020; 12(20):8732. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208732
Chicago/Turabian StyleTokazhanov, Galym, Aidana Tleuken, Mert Guney, Ali Turkyilmaz, and Ferhat Karaca. 2020. "How is COVID-19 Experience Transforming Sustainability Requirements of Residential Buildings? A Review" Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8732. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208732