Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics in Ecosystem Service Values Based on Land Use/Cover Change in the Tarim River Basin, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Materials
2.1. Description of Study Area
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Data Collection and Processing
2.2.2. Single Dynamic Degree of Land Use
2.2.3. Ecosystem Service Value (ESV) Calculation
2.2.4. Ecosystem Service Change Index
2.2.5. Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Spatio-Temporal Change Characteristics of Land Use Types
3.2. Temporal and Spatial Changes in ESV
3.2.1. Time Dimension Changes in ESV
3.2.2. Changing Characteristics in ESV’s Spatial Dimension
3.3. Analysis of Spatial Correlation of ESV
3.3.1. Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis
3.3.2. Analysis of Cold and Hot Spots
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ecosystem Service Function | Land Use Type | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultivated Land | Forest Land | Grass Land | Water | Construction Land | Unused Land | |
Gas regulation | 940.91 | 6586.37 | 1505.46 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Climate regulation | 1674.82 | 5080.92 | 1693.64 | 865.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Water conservation | 1129.09 | 6021.83 | 1505.46 | 38,351.5 | 0.00 | 56.45 |
Soil formation and protection | 2747.46 | 7339.10 | 3669.55 | 18.82 | 0.00 | 37.64 |
Waste disposal | 3086.19 | 2465.18 | 2465.18 | 34,211.5 | 0.00 | 18.82 |
Biodiversity conservation | 1336.09 | 6134.74 | 2051.18 | 4685.73 | 0.00 | 639.82 |
Food production | 1881.82 | 188.18 | 564.55 | 188.18 | 0.00 | 18.82 |
Raw material production | 188.18 | 4892.73 | 94.09 | 18.82 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Entertainment culture | 18.82 | 2408.73 | 75.27 | 8167.10 | 82.60 | 18.82 |
Total | 13,003.38 | 41,117.78 | 13,624.38 | 86,507.29 | 82.60 | 790.36 |
Land Use Type | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2018 | 1990–2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultivated land | 2.37 | 2.61 | 3.08 | 4.13 | 1.76 |
Forestland | 1.31 | 1.37 | 1.31 | 1.27 | −0.04 |
Grassland | 27.99 | 27.12 | 26.87 | 26.12 | −1.86 |
Water | 3.82 | 3.94 | 3.91 | 2.67 | −1.15 |
Construction land | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0.13 |
Unused land | 64.36 | 64.82 | 64.67 | 65.52 | 1.16 |
Cultivated Land | Woodland | Grassland | Water | Construction Land | Unused Land | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990–2000 | 1.00 | 0.51 | −0.31 | 0.32 | −1.01 | 0.07 |
2000–2010 | 1.78 | −0.46 | −0.09 | −0.07 | 1.82 | −0.02 |
2010–2018 | 4.30 | −0.37 | −0.30 | −3.98 | 9.25 | 0.16 |
1990–2018 | 2.65 | −0.10 | −0.22 | −1.08 | 3.03 | 0.06 |
Land Use Type | Cultivated Land | Woodland | Grassland | Water | Construction Land | Unused Land | Total | Transfer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultivated land | 195.01 | 10.62 | 17.02 | 2.54 | 13.14 | 6.23 | 244.56 | 49.55 |
Woodland | 18.69 | 34.84 | 58.52 | 3.05 | 0.43 | 19.03 | 134.56 | 99.72 |
Grassland | 148.58 | 68.16 | 1686.66 | 46.95 | 4.01 | 928.85 | 2883.21 | 1196.55 |
Water | 4.32 | 2.27 | 78.47 | 151.92 | 0.65 | 152.57 | 390.20 | 238.28 |
Construction land | 10.03 | 0.60 | 0.85 | 0.12 | 3.72 | 0.67 | 15.99 | 12.27 |
Unused land | 49.53 | 13.92 | 854.99 | 67.84 | 7.61 | 5635.21 | 6629.10 | 993.89 |
Total | 426.16 | 130.41 | 2696.51 | 272.42 | 29.56 | 6742.56 | 10,297.62 | |
Transfer in | 231.15 | 95.57 | 1009.85 | 120.50 | 25.84 | 1107.35 |
Land Use Type | Cultivated Land | Woodland | Grassland | Water | Construction Land | Unused Land | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | ESV | 318.01 | 553.45 | 3930.10 | 3402.85 | 0.13 | 524.30 | 8728.84 |
Proportion % | 3.64% | 6.34% | 45.02% | 38.98% | 0.00% | 6.01% | 100% | |
2000 | ESV | 349.89 | 581.82 | 3807.99 | 3510.64 | 0.12 | 528.04 | 8778.50 |
proportion % | 3.99% | 6.63% | 43.38% | 39.99% | 0.00% | 6.02% | 100% | |
2010 | ESV | 412.23 | 555.21 | 3773.46 | 3486.94 | 0.14 | 526.78 | 8754.76 |
proportion % | 4.71% | 6.34% | 43.10% | 39.83% | 0.00% | 6.02% | 100% | |
2018 | ESV | 554.15 | 538.56 | 3668.45 | 2376.53 | 0.24 | 533.71 | 7671.65 |
Proportion % | 7.21% | 7.01% | 47.72% | 30.91% | 0.00% | 6.96% | 100% | |
ESV changes from 1990 to 2018 | 236.14 | −14.88 | −261.65 | −1026.32 | 0.11 | 9.42 | −1057.19 | |
ESV change rate from 1990 to 2018 | 74.26% | −2.69% | −6.26% | −30.16% | 84.87% | 1.80% | −12.11% |
Type 1 | Type 2 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2018 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ESV | % | ESV | % | ESV | % | ESV | % | ||
Regulation service | Gas regulation | 545.93 | 6.25% | 539.29 | 6.14% | 535.72 | 6.12% | 531.72 | 6.93% |
Climate regulation | 631.95 | 7.24% | 625.46 | 7.12% | 625.67 | 7.15% | 617.73 | 8.05% | |
Water conservation | 2088.98 | 23.93% | 2130.46 | 24.27% | 2117.56 | 24.19% | 1624.06 | 21.17% | |
Waste disposal | 2177.99 | 24.95% | 2207.88 | 25.15% | 2205.43 | 25.19% | 1780.14 | 23.20% | |
Subtotal | 5444.85 | 62.37% | 5503.09 | 62.68% | 5484.38 | 62.65% | 4553.65 | 59.35% | |
Support service | Soil formation and protection | 1250.21 | 14.32% | 1229.32 | 14.00% | 1228.38 | 14.03% | 1227.19 | 16.00% |
Biodiversity conservation | 1315.69 | 15.07% | 1313.68 | 14.96% | 1308.61 | 14.95% | 1250.37 | 16.30% | |
Subtotal | 2565.9 | 29.39% | 2543 | 28.96% | 2536.99 | 28.98% | 2477.56 | 32.30% | |
Provision of services | Food production | 231.29 | 2.65% | 231.3 | 2.63% | 238.69 | 2.73% | 252.55 | 3.29% |
Raw material production | 98.34 | 1.13% | 101.36 | 1.15% | 98.85 | 1.13% | 97.96 | 1.28% | |
Subtotal | 329.63 | 3.78% | 332.66 | 3.78% | 337.54 | 3.86% | 350.51 | 4.57% | |
Cultural service | Entertainment culture | 388.47 | 4.45% | 399.76 | 4.55% | 395.85 | 4.52% | 289.94 | 3.78% |
total | 8728.84 | 8778.5 | 8754.76 | 7671.65 |
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Wang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Zhen, H.; Chang, X.; Shataer, R.; Li, Z. Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics in Ecosystem Service Values Based on Land Use/Cover Change in the Tarim River Basin, China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7759. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187759
Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhen H, Chang X, Shataer R, Li Z. Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics in Ecosystem Service Values Based on Land Use/Cover Change in the Tarim River Basin, China. Sustainability. 2020; 12(18):7759. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187759
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yang, Shuai Zhang, Hui Zhen, Xueer Chang, Remina Shataer, and Zhi Li. 2020. "Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics in Ecosystem Service Values Based on Land Use/Cover Change in the Tarim River Basin, China" Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7759. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187759