Spatial Pattern of the Unidirectional Trends in Thermal Bioclimatic Indicators in Iran
1
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
2
Centre for Coastal and Ocean Engineering (COEI), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
3
State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
4
Research Center for Climate Change, Ministry of Water Resources, Nanjing 210029, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2019, 11(8), 2287; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082287
Received: 5 March 2019 / Revised: 25 March 2019 / Accepted: 26 March 2019 / Published: 16 April 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uncertainty of Climate Change Impacts on Hydrology, Water Quality and Ecology)
Changes in bioclimatic indicators can provide valuable information on how global warming induced climate change can affect humans, ecology and the environment. Trends in thermal bioclimatic indicators over the diverse climate of Iran were assessed in this study to comprehend their spatio-temporal changes in different climates. The gridded temperature data of Princeton Global Meteorological Forcing with a spatial resolution of 0.25° and temporal extent of 1948–2010 was used for this purpose. Autocorrelation and wavelets analyses were conducted to assess the presence of self-similarity and cycles in the data series. The modified version of the Mann–Kendall (MMK) test was employed to estimate unidirectional trends in 11 thermal bioclimatic indicators through removing the influence of natural cycles on trend significance. A large decrease in the number of grid points showing significant trends was noticed for the MMK in respect to the classical Mann–Kendall (MK) test which indicates that the natural variability of the climate should be taken into consideration in bioclimatic trend analyses in Iran. The unidirectional trends obtained using the MMK test revealed changes in almost all of the bioclimatic indicators in different parts of Iran, which indicates rising temperature have significantly affected the bioclimate of the country. The semi-dry region along the Persian Gulf in the south and mountainous region in the northeast were found to be more affected in terms of the changes in a number of bioclimatic indicators.
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Keywords:
bioclimate; natural variability; unidirectional trend; modified Mann–Kendall test; gridded temperature data
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MDPI and ACS Style
Hadi Pour, S.; Abd Wahab, A.K.; Shahid, S.; Wang, X. Spatial Pattern of the Unidirectional Trends in Thermal Bioclimatic Indicators in Iran. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082287
AMA Style
Hadi Pour S, Abd Wahab AK, Shahid S, Wang X. Spatial Pattern of the Unidirectional Trends in Thermal Bioclimatic Indicators in Iran. Sustainability. 2019; 11(8):2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082287
Chicago/Turabian StyleHadi Pour, Sahar, Ahmad K. Abd Wahab, Shamsuddin Shahid, and Xiaojun Wang. 2019. "Spatial Pattern of the Unidirectional Trends in Thermal Bioclimatic Indicators in Iran" Sustainability 11, no. 8: 2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082287
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