Forest Landscape Change and Preliminary Study on Its Driving Forces in Ślęża Landscape Park (Southwestern Poland) in 1883–2013
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What have the quantitative changes within the forest and non-forest landscapes over a period of 140 years, divided into three periods of time, covering approximately 40–50 years, been?
- In which time period was the landscape change index (LCI), which determines the level of change in landscapes, more intensive? Is it possible to calculate the index based on historical data?
- What have the main types of forest and non-forest landscape transformations been in the studied area?
- What are the characteristics of identified landscape changes in the context of natural factors such as elevation, slope, and hillside exposure as well as socioeconomic factors such as population changes, distances to built-up areas, main roads, and capitals of municipalities?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Case Study Area
2.2. Identification of Changes in Forest Landscapes
2.3. Driving Forces of Changes in Forest Landscapes
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Forest and Non-Forest Land Cover in the Years 1883–2013
3.2. Driving Forces of Changes in Forest Landscapes between 1883(89) and 2013
3.2.1. Natural Driving Forces of Landscape Change
3.2.2. Socioeconomic Driving Forces of Landscape Change
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Map Name | Type of Data | Land Cover Classes | Map Sheets | Date of Release | Source of Data |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Topographische Karte (Messtischblatt) | raster data | forest, plantations and forest nurseries, meadows, pastures, arable land, wetland, marshland, fallow land, water areas, mining areas, urban and rural areas | Zobten Jordansmühl Weizenrodau Lauterbach Mörschelwitz | 1883 1889 1885 1883 1884 | Library of Wroclaw University |
Topographische Karte (Messtischblatt) | raster data | forest, plantations and forest nurseries (not observed), meadows, pastures, arable land, wetland, marshland, fallow land, water areas, mining areas, urban and rural areas | Zobten am Berge Jordansmühl Weizenrodau Lauterbach Rosenborn | 1938 1938 1936 1936 1937 | Library of Wroclaw University |
Topographic map of Poland | raster data | mature forest, young forest, bushes, orchards, meadows, arable land, wetland, water areas, mining areas, urban and rural areas | Sobótka, Mysłaków, Dzierżoniów, Jordanów Śląski, Kobierzyce | 1977 | Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography |
Database of Topographic Objects | vector data | mature forest, young forest, bushes, orchards, meadows, pastures, arable land, wetland, fallow land, water areas, mining areas, landfill, urban and rural areas | Sobótka, Mysłaków, Dzierżoniów, Jordanów Śląski, Kobierzyce | 2013 | Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography |
Land Cover type | Land Cover Subtype | Description of Class |
---|---|---|
Forest area (FA) | Mature forest area (MFA) | Areas covered with forest except young forest areas |
Young forest area (YFA) | Reforested woodland areas, plantations and forest nurseries | |
Non-forest area (NFA) | Water area (WA) | Water reservoirs and main watercourses |
Agricultural land (AL) | Arable land, meadows, pastures, bushes and orchards | |
Rural development area (RA) | Built-up and recreational areas within all villages | |
Urban development area (UA) | Built-up and recreational areas in the city of Sobótka | |
Mining area (MA) | Existing quarries and material storage areas | |
Other area (OA) | Other unclassified land cover classes, such as wetland, marshland, fallow land, landfills, and forest parking lots |
Type of Forest Landscape Change | Subtype of Forest Landscape Change | Code of Change |
---|---|---|
Transformations within forest landscapes (temporary deforestation, maturation of forest) | Change from a mature forest area into a young forest area (MFA-YFA) | A1 |
Change from a young forest area into a mature forest (YFA-MFA) | A2 | |
Transformation from forest landscapes into non-forest landscapes (permanent deforestation) | Change from a mature forest area into agricultural land (MFA-AL) | B1 |
Change from a mature forest area into a rural development area (MFA-RA) | B2 | |
Change from a mature forest area into an urban development area (MFA-UA) | B3 | |
Change from a mature forest area into a mining area (MFA-MA) | B4 | |
Transformation of non-forest landscapes into forest landscapes (afforestation) | Change from agricultural land into a young forest area (AL-YFA) | C1 |
Change from agricultural land into a mature forest area (AL-MFA) | C2 | |
Change from a mining area to a mature forest area (MA-MFA) | C3 |
Group of Driving Forces | Type of Driving Force | Data Source | Variables Used to Quantify Factors |
---|---|---|---|
Natural | Slope grade Hillside exposure Elevation | Map of slope grade from the digital elevation model (DEM) Map of the hillside exposure from the DEM Map of elevation from the DEM | Slope (%) Hillside exposure (Flat, N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) Elevation (m a.s.l.) |
Socioeconomic | Human demographic changes Distance to the main roads Distance to the capital of municipality The distance to the built-up area | Population censuses from 1885, 1941, 1978, and 2011 Land cover maps from four time periods Land cover maps from four time periods Land cover maps from four time periods | Number of inhabitants in each village (pcs.) Distances to national, provincial, and county roads (km) Distance to the center of the capital of the 5 nearest municipalities (km) Distance to the nearest border of built-up area (km) |
Political | Political events—national and local | Chronicles of events, literature | - |
Cultural | Cultural events, social changes | Chronicles of events, literature | - |
Technological | Changes in crop technology and forest management | Chronicles of events, literature | - |
Time Interval | Indicator | Forest Area | Non-Forest Area | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MFA 1 | YFA 2 | WA 3 | AL 4 | RA 5 | UA 6 | MA 7 | OA 8 | ||
1883(89)–1936(38) | CA (%) | 3.77 | –3.34 | 0.01 | –1.08 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0 |
LCI | 3.55 | 0.87 | |||||||
1936(38)–1977 | CA (%) | 0.59 | 1.63 | 0.04 | –2.95 | –0.45 | 0.79 | 0.35 | 0 |
LCI | 1.11 | 2.29 | |||||||
1977–2013 | CA (%) | 2.78 | –0.94 | 0.04 | –3.44 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.28 | 0.02 |
LCI | 1.86 | 2.53 |
Type of Change 1 | Subtype of Change 2 | 1883(89)–1936(38) | 1936(38)–1977 | 1977–2013 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NP (pcs) | AS (ha) | TA (ha) | NP (pcs) | AS (ha) | TA (ha) | NP (pcs) | AS (ha) | TA (ha) | ||
A | A1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 112 | 2.1 | 235.2 | 129 | 0.6 | 82.1 |
A2 | 9 | 57.5 | 517.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 116 | 2.1 | 248.8 | |
B | B1 | 10 | 3.5 | 34.9 | 106 | 1.0 | 108.4 | 93 | 1.2 | 112.0 |
B2 | 3 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 0.4 | 9.2 | |
B3 | 0 | 0. | 0. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0.6 | 3.0 | |
B4 | 7 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 2 | 3.4 | 6.7 | 7 | 1.8 | 12.3 | |
C | C1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0.9 | 14.1 | 26 | 0.8 | 19.6 |
C2 | 44 | 2.6 | 116.0 | 243 | 1.6 | 396.2 | 328 | 0.9 | 310.1 | |
C3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.2 | 2.5 | 9 | 0.4 | 3.7 | |
Total number/area of changes | 73 | - | 672.2 | 492 | - | 763.1 | 737 | - | 800.8 |
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Krajewski, P.; Solecka, I.; Mrozik, K. Forest Landscape Change and Preliminary Study on Its Driving Forces in Ślęża Landscape Park (Southwestern Poland) in 1883–2013. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124526
Krajewski P, Solecka I, Mrozik K. Forest Landscape Change and Preliminary Study on Its Driving Forces in Ślęża Landscape Park (Southwestern Poland) in 1883–2013. Sustainability. 2018; 10(12):4526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124526
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrajewski, Piotr, Iga Solecka, and Karol Mrozik. 2018. "Forest Landscape Change and Preliminary Study on Its Driving Forces in Ślęża Landscape Park (Southwestern Poland) in 1883–2013" Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124526