The Impact of Perceived Value on Farmers’ Regret Mood Tendency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Related Theories and Hypotheses
4. Data and Methods
4.1. Data and Variable Description
4.1.1. Independent Variables
4.1.2. Internal Factors
4.1.3. External Factors
4.2. Research Methods
5. Results and Discussions
5.1. The Expected Value and the Perceived Value
5.2. Regression Results of Farmers’ Regret Emotions Tendency
6. Conclusions and Political Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Variable Interpretation | All Samples | Poor Households | Non-Poor Households | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std. Dev. | Mean | Std. Dev. | Mean | Std. Dev. | ||
Age | The age of householder | 49.586 | 8.058 | 50.922 | 7.509 | 48.526 | 8.336 |
Sex | The sex of householder (1 for male and 0 for female) | 0.552 | 0.498 | 0.545 | 0.500 | 0.557 | 0.498 |
Degree of education | The degree of education of householder | 2.132 | 0.789 | 2.156 | 0.825 | 2.113 | 0.760 |
Whether the household is poor * | Whether the farmers is poor household (1 for yes and 0 for no) | 0.443 | 0.497 | - | - | - | - |
The amount of labor | The amount of labor in 16–60 years old | 3.103 | 1.074 | 3.234 | 1.034 | 3.000 | 1.096 |
The area of arable land | The area of arable land owned by farmers | 4.622 | 2.393 | 4.686 | 2.152 | 4.572 | 2.573 |
Index Variables | Component Variables | All Samples | Poor Households | Non-Poor Households | All Samples | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Std. Dev. | Average | Std. Dev. | Average | Std. Dev. | Cronbach’s α | ||
Expected value | Raising the income level | 3.557 | 1.081 | 3.481 | 1.067 | 3.619 | 1.091 | 0.912 |
Improving the living environment | 3.689 | 1.169 | 3.662 | 1.080 | 3.711 | 1.238 | ||
Improving the educational environment | 3.753 | 1.117 | 3.701 | 1.097 | 3.794 | 1.133 | ||
Improving the ecological Environment | 3.805 | 1.208 | 3.753 | 1.145 | 3.845 | 1.258 | ||
Mood | Regret mood tendency | 3.000 | 1.464 | 3.311 | 1.439 | 2.753 | 1.439 |
Index Variables | Component Variables | All Samples | Poor Households | Non-Poor Households | All Samples | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Std. Dev. | Average | Std. Dev. | Average | Std. Dev. | Cronbach’s α | ||
Perceived value | Perceived value after publicity | 4.060 | 1.099 | 3.883 | 1.154 | 4.175 | 1.038 | 0.783 |
Intuitive experience of the value | 4.39 | 0.902 | 4.316 | 0.904 | 4.453 | 0.899 | ||
Value of the introduction by the neighbors | 4.06 | 1.107 | 3.974 | 1.108 | 4.093 | 1.107 | ||
Value of news media | 4.13 | 0.967 | 4.142 | 0.881 | 4.103 | 1.033 | ||
Demand level | Survival demand | 4.327 | 0.775 | 4.389 | 0.6890 | 4.278 | 0.836 | 0.778 |
Educational demand | 4.109 | 0.951 | 4.013 | 0.935 | 4.185 | 0.959 |
Index Variables | Component Variables | All Samples | Poor Households | Non-Poor Households | All Samples | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Std. Dev. | Average | Std. Dev. | Average | Std. Dev. | Cronbach’s α | ||
Social influence | Affected by the relatives and friends | 3.770 | 1.003 | 3.870 | 0.961 | 3.691 | 1.031 | 0.878 |
Affected by the cadres | 3.574 | 1.031 | 3.649 | 1.007 | 3.515 | 1.049 | ||
Affected by policies | 3.712 | 1.062 | 3.675 | 1.125 | 3.742 | 1.010 | ||
Affected by the resettlement conditions | 3.718 | 1.217 | 3.805 | 1.199 | 3.649 | 1.230 | ||
Relocation cost | High emotional cost | 2.649 | 1.232 | 2.714 | 1.208 | 2.597 | 1.252 | 0.868 |
High economic cost | 2.494 | 1.228 | 2.481 | 1.183 | 2.505 | 1.264 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | VIF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Age | 1.000 | 1.01 | |||||||||
2 | Sex | −0.010 | 1.000 | 1.06 | ||||||||
3 | Educational background | 0.091 | −0.093 | 1.000 | 1.07 | |||||||
4 | Whether the household is poor | 0.148 * | 0.011 | 0.027 | 1.000 | 1.06 | ||||||
5 | Number of laborers | −0.008 | −0.033 | −0.050 | 0.108 | 1.000 | 1.25 | |||||
6 | The area of arable land | −0.077 | −0.012 | 0.084 | 0.024 | 0.344 ** | 1.000 | 1.34 | ||||
7 | Perceived value | −0.053 | −0.006 | −0.083 | −0.086 | 0.256 * | 0.145 * | 1.000 | 1.71 | |||
8 | Demand level | −0.009 | −0.010 | 0.000 | −0.024 | 0.276 * | 0.253 * | 0.106 | 1.000 | 1.70 | ||
9 | Relocation cost | −0.132 | −0.026 | −0.048 | 0.020 | 0.066 | 0.269 * | −0.219 * | −0.122 | 1.000 | 1.62 | |
10 | Social influence | 0.034 | −0.032 | 0.110 | 0.058 | 0.227 * | 0.196 * | 0.202 * | 0.122 | −0.212 * | 1.000 | 1.39 |
Variables | Model (1) All Samples | Model (2) Poor Farmers | Model (3) Non-Poor Farmers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR value | S.E. | OR value | S.E. | OR value | S.E. | |
Variables of interest | ||||||
Expected value | 1.374 *** | 0.132 | 1.332 * | 0.208 | 1.490 *** | 0.190 |
Control variables | ||||||
Age | 1.000 | 0.012 | 0.978 | 0.019 | 1.018 | 0.016 |
Sex | 0.825 | 0.162 | 1.350 | 0.419 | 0.702 | 0.188 |
Degree of education | 0.850 | 0.102 | 1.035 | 0.177 | 0.655 ** | 0.114 |
Whether the household is poor | 0.682 ** | 0.132 | - | - | - | - |
The amount of labor | 1.426 *** | 0.137 | 2.222 *** | 0.343 | 1.068 | 0.144 |
The area of arable land | 1.039 | 0.046 | 1.153 * | 0.086 | 1.058 | 0.063 |
Maximum likelihood | −411.085 | −302.657 | −383.985 | |||
Significance level | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||
R2 | 0.188 | 0.063 | 0.027 | |||
Observations | 348 | 154 | 194 |
Variables | Model (4) All Samples | Model (5) Poor Farmers | Model (6) Non-Poor Farmers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR Value | SE | OR Value | SE | OR Value | SE | |
Variables of interest | ||||||
Perceived value | 0.456 *** | −4.010 | 1.282 | 0.394 | 0.174 *** | 0.056 |
Demand level | 2.221 *** | 3.870 | 2.264 *** | 0.830 | 3.339 *** | 1.035 |
Relocation cost | 0.778 ** | −2.290 | 0.725 ** | 0.121 | 0.804 | 0.127 |
Social influence | 3.320 *** | 7.040 | 1.314 | 0.359 | 7.361 *** | 1.913 |
Control variables | ||||||
Age | 1.098 *** | 6.380 | 1.115 *** | 0.027 | 1.08 9 *** | 0.022 |
Sex | 1.184 | 0.800 | 1.518 | 0.494 | 0.758 | 0.225 |
Educational background | 0.867 | −1.050 | 0.953 | 0.185 | 0.711 | 0.154 |
Whether the household is poor | 1.625 ** | 2.290 | - | - | - | - |
Number of laborers | 1.414 *** | 3.220 | 1.303 | 0.209 | 1.085 | 0.181 |
The area of arable land | 0.826 *** | −3.680 | 0.824 | 0.070 | 0.873 | 0.064 |
Log likelihood | −411.086 | −180.74 | −208.8 | |||
LR value | 189.76 | 66.86 | 147.86 | |||
Significance level | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||
R2 | 0.188 | 0.1561 | 0.261 | |||
Sample size | 348 | 154 | 194 |
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Liao, W.; Xiang, D.; Chen, M.; Yu, J.; Luo, Q. The Impact of Perceived Value on Farmers’ Regret Mood Tendency. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103650
Liao W, Xiang D, Chen M, Yu J, Luo Q. The Impact of Perceived Value on Farmers’ Regret Mood Tendency. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103650
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Wenmei, Dong Xiang, Meiqiu Chen, Jiangli Yu, and Qianfeng Luo. 2018. "The Impact of Perceived Value on Farmers’ Regret Mood Tendency" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3650. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103650