Physical Activity and Academic Performance: The Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem and Depression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Theoretical Background
1.1.1. Physical Activity and Academic Performance
1.1.2. Physical Activity and Depression
1.1.3. Physical Activity and Self Esteem
1.1.4. Academic Performance and Self Esteem
1.1.5. Academic Performance and Depression
1.1.6. Physical Activity and Academic Performance with Mediation of Depression and Self Esteem
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Physical Activity
2.2.2. Academic Performance
2.2.3. Self-Esteem
2.2.4. University Stress Scale
2.3. Parallel Mediation Model
- M1 on X (a1)
- M2 on X (a2)
- Y on M1 (b1)
- Y on M2 (b2)
- Y on X (C’) which is direct effect of X on Y
- Indirect effect of X on Y via M1 = a1 × b1= a1b1
- Indirect effect of X on Y via M2 = a2 × b2= a2b2
- Total indirect effect via m1& m2 = a1b1 + a2b2
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Analyses
3.1.1. Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA)
3.1.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
3.1.3. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Major Analysis
3.2.1. Direct Effects
3.2.2. Indirect Effects
3.2.3. Total Effect
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short form
- During the last 7 days, on how many days did you do vigorous physical activities like heavy lifting, digging, aerobics, running, fast bicycling, or fast swimming?
- How much time did you usually spend doing vigorous physical activities on one of those days?
- During the last 7 days, on how many days did you do moderate physical activities like bicycling at a regular pace; carrying light loads, and doubles tennis? Do not include walking.
- How much time did you usually spend doing moderate physical activities on one of those days?
- During the last 7 days, on how many days did you walk for at least 10 min at a time?
- How much time did you usually spend walking on one of those days?
- During the last 7 days, how much time did you usually spend sitting on a weekday?
Appendix B
Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale
- On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.
- At times I think I am no good at all.
- I feel that I have a number of good qualities.
- I am able to do things as well as most other people.
- I feel I do not have much to be proud of.
- I certainly feel useless at times.
- I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others.
- I wish I could have more respect for myself.
- All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure.
- I take a positive attitude toward myself.
Appendix C
University Stress Scale
- Academic/coursework demands
- Procrastination
- University/college environment
- Finances and money problems
- Housing/accommodation
- Transport
- Mental health problems
- Physical health problems
- Parenting issues
- Childcare
- Family relationships
- Friendships
- Romantic relationships
- Relationship break-down
- Work
- Parental expectations
- Study/life balance
- Discrimination
- Sexual orientation issues
- Language/cultural issues
- Other demands
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Test Variables | Means | SD | 1.AP | 2.PA | 3.SE | 4.DEP | Cronbach’s Alpha | Regression Coefficients | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Academic Performance (AP) | 3.1258 | 0.64501 | 1 | - | - | - | 0.986 | - | - |
2. Physical activity (PA) | 3.1530 | 1.2985 | 0.222 ** | 1 | - | - | 0.862 | 0.164 | 0.034 |
3. Self-esteem (SE) | 2.7782 | 0.51745 | 0.408 ** | 0.304 ** | 1 | - | 0.825 | 0.671 | 0.000 |
4. Depression (DEP) | 2.0608 | 0.52764 | −0.269 ** | −0.352 ** | −0.146 * | 1 | 0.807 | −0.335 | 0.000 |
R-square | 0.0786 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Adjusted R Square | 0.0779 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
F | 46.174 *** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Path | Effect | Boot-LLCI | Boot-ULCI | SE | T | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Effect | 1.826 | 0.687 | 1.987 | 0.218 | 4.613 | 0.000 |
Direct Effect (c′) | 0.613 | 0.189 | 0.895 | 0.228 | 2.817 | 0.000 |
IV-M1(a1) | 0.932 | 0.205 | 0.986 | 0.037 | 4.726 | 0.000 |
IV-M2(a2) | −0.389 | −0.404 | 0.213 | 0.134 | 2.321 | 0.000 |
M1-DV(b1) | 1.13 | 0.447 | 1.632 | 0.203 | 2.830 | 0.000 |
M2-DV(b2) | −0.412 | 0.182 | 0.437 | 0.095 | 3.439 | 0.000 |
Total indirect effect | 1.213 | 0.598 | 1.863 | 0.232 | 4.325 | 0.000 |
IV-M1-DV(a1b1) | 1.053 | 0.456 | 1.732 | 0.312 | 3.565 | 0.000 |
IV-M2-DV(a2b2) | 0.160 | −1.841 | 0.425 | 0.58 | −1.410 | 0.000 |
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Kayani, S.; Kiyani, T.; Wang, J.; Zagalaz Sánchez, M.L.; Kayani, S.; Qurban, H. Physical Activity and Academic Performance: The Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem and Depression. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3633. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103633
Kayani S, Kiyani T, Wang J, Zagalaz Sánchez ML, Kayani S, Qurban H. Physical Activity and Academic Performance: The Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem and Depression. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3633. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103633
Chicago/Turabian StyleKayani, Sumaira, Tayyaba Kiyani, Jin Wang, María Luisa Zagalaz Sánchez, Saima Kayani, and Haroona Qurban. 2018. "Physical Activity and Academic Performance: The Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem and Depression" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3633. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103633