Non-Negligible Effects of UV Irradiation on Transformation and Environmental Risks of Microplastics in the Water Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Production of MPs under UV Irradiation
2.1. UV Irradiation Induced Cracking of Plastics
2.2. Common Photoaging Forms of MPs
3. Factors Affecting Photoaging of MPs in the Environment
3.1. The Effect of Organic Matter on Photoaging of MPs
3.2. Effect of Inorganic Substances on Photoaging of MPs
4. Environmental Risks of MPs after Photoaging
4.1. Photoaging Affects Migration of MPs in Environmental Media
4.2. Interaction of Photoaging MPs and Pollutants
4.3. Additives in MPs Released into the Environment
4.4. Toxic Effects of Photoaging MPs on Organisms
5. Research Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Declaration of Competing Interests
References
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MPs | Experimental Conditions | Conclusion | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size | Time | Matrix | Method | |||
PE, PP, PS | PE: 26 ± 0.8 mm PP: 19 ± 0.9 mm PS: 22 ± 2.2 mm | UV exposure: 12 months Mechanical abrasion (MA): 2 months. | simulate a beach environment | Metal halide lamp (UV-A: 11.01 W/m2; UV-B: 0.12 W/m2; UV-C: 0.04 W/m2) and MA | The surface of theMPs pellets yellowed, became fragile and brittle and showed cracks; particles had fragmented. | [36] |
PP, PE, PET | ~0.025 mm | 72 h | ocean water | 254 nm UV light | Smaller particles were produced. | [37] |
PS | 20–100 μm | 60 d | natural seawater | UVA/B (113 ± 45 W/m2) | The particle size of PS decreased, resulting in the formation of nanoparticles (~75 nm), surface oxidation and formation of persistent free radicals can be observed. | [38] |
PET, PA, wool yarns | ~2 mm | 56 d | Seawater | Xenon lamp (1500 W, 65 W/m2) | The surface was broken, micron-size particles were formed and additives of degradation products were detected in the leachate. | [39] |
PC | 12.58 μm | 640 h | water | 500 W mercury lamp (11.0 mW/cm2 at 365 nm) | Light and mechanical wear promote the fracture and photo-oxidation of PC-mps, and the continuous degradation of the polymer is accompanied by a sharp decrease in molecular weight. | [40] |
PS | — | 5 d | water | Mercury lamp | The surface of PS particles became rough, embrittlement and cracking. | [41] |
PE, PP, PS | — | 3 months | air, seawater, ultrapure water | UVA-340 | The surface of plastic particles was oxidized, cracks and fragments appeared. | [42] |
PS, PF, PE, PVC | PS: 95.0 ± 5.0 μm PF: 66.5 ± 6.2 μm PE: 110.0 ± 10.0 μm PVC: 115.0 ± 5.0 μm | 15 d | ambient atmosphere | Xenon lamp (2.85 mW/cm2) | Chemical chain scission, several environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) were detected. | [43] |
PE, PP, PS | 350 ± 30 μm | 60 d | ambient atmosphere | UV irradiation (500 W/m2) | Low molecular weights molecules were formed, macromolecular chain scission provoked by oxidation and formation of new functional groups, such as vinyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl/hydroxyperoxide segments. | [44] |
PS | 1 μm | 8 d | water | 15 W UVA-340 lamp | The surfaces of the MPs were becoming rough and uneven, the average particle size of UV-PS MPs decreased and the oxygen-containing functional groups were produced. | [45] |
PE | 0.015 mm and 0.006 mm | 15 d | ambient atmosphere | 100 W mercury lamp | Cracks and oxygen-containing functional groups occurred on the surface of the film. | [46] |
PE | 6.00 to 8.50 µm | 7 d | Seawater | UV-254 | The hydrophilicity and crystallinity of PE particles increased, the average particle size decreased, and oxygen-containing functional groups were formed on the surface of PE. | [47] |
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Cheng, F.; Zhang, T.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Qu, J. Non-Negligible Effects of UV Irradiation on Transformation and Environmental Risks of Microplastics in the Water Environment. J. Xenobiot. 2022, 12, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox12010001
Cheng F, Zhang T, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Qu J. Non-Negligible Effects of UV Irradiation on Transformation and Environmental Risks of Microplastics in the Water Environment. Journal of Xenobiotics. 2022; 12(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox12010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Fangyuan, Tingting Zhang, Yue Liu, Yanan Zhang, and Jiao Qu. 2022. "Non-Negligible Effects of UV Irradiation on Transformation and Environmental Risks of Microplastics in the Water Environment" Journal of Xenobiotics 12, no. 1: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox12010001