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Article

Emerging Resistance in Oral Candida Isolates from Patients with Periodontal Disease

by
Claudia Berenice Tinoco-Cabral
1,2,
Luis Alfonso Muñoz-Miranda
3,
Manuel R. Kirchmayr
4,
Vianeth Martínez-Rodríguez
2,
Miguel Padilla-Rosas
5,
Maricarmen Iñiguez-Moreno
6,
Suchiquil Rangel-Velázquez
7,
Fabiola Berenice Hernández-Reyes
7,
Claudia Lisette Charles-Niño
8 and
Cesar Arturo Nava-Valdivia
3,*
1
Programa de Doctorado en Microbiología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
2
Especialidad de Periodoncia, Departamento de Clínicas Odontológicas Integrales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
3
Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infectocontagiosas, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
4
Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Subsede Zapopan, Zapopan 45019, Jalisco, Mexico
5
Programa de Maestría en Patología y Medicina Oral, Departamento de Clínicas Odontológicas Integrales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
6
Department of Physics and Mathematics, School of Engineering and Technology, Universidad de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza Garcia 66238, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
7
Programa de Maestría en Microbiología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
8
Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1395 Center Drive, DG-48, P.O. Box 100424, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microbiol. Res. 2026, 17(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17040080
Submission received: 9 March 2026 / Revised: 3 April 2026 / Accepted: 7 April 2026 / Published: 10 April 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host–Microbe Interactions in Health and Disease)
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Abstract

Candida species can shift from commensal organisms to opportunistic pathogens. Both Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida (NAC) species colonize oral biofilms and periodontal pockets, where they may contribute to inflammation and the progression of periodontal disease. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida species in individuals with different stages of periodontal disease. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 100 participants whose periodontal status was clinically evaluated. Saliva samples were cultured on chromogenic agar for yeast isolation, species identification was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS, and antifungal susceptibility to fluconazole, clotrimazole, nystatin, and amphotericin B was assessed. Candida spp. was detected in 35% of participants, where C. albicans was the most prevalent species, followed by Nakaseomyces glabratus (formerly Candida glabrata), Candida parapsilosis, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida tropicalis. Species distribution varied according to periodontal status, with N. glabratus predominating in early periodontitis and C. albicans appeared more frequently in higher severe stages of periodontitis. Susceptibility testing showed resistance of C. albicans to clotrimazole (63.6%) and nystatin (22.7%), whereas amphotericin B and fluconazole remained effective. NAC species, particularly N. glabratus, exhibited resistance to nystatin and variable resistance to clotrimazole but remained susceptible to amphotericin B. These findings underscore the importance of early detection and personalized antifungal strategies for managing periodontal disease complicated by Candida colonization.
Keywords: Candida species; periodontal disease; antifungal resistance; oral microbiota; susceptibility profile Candida species; periodontal disease; antifungal resistance; oral microbiota; susceptibility profile

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tinoco-Cabral, C.B.; Muñoz-Miranda, L.A.; Kirchmayr, M.R.; Martínez-Rodríguez, V.; Padilla-Rosas, M.; Iñiguez-Moreno, M.; Rangel-Velázquez, S.; Hernández-Reyes, F.B.; Charles-Niño, C.L.; Nava-Valdivia, C.A. Emerging Resistance in Oral Candida Isolates from Patients with Periodontal Disease. Microbiol. Res. 2026, 17, 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17040080

AMA Style

Tinoco-Cabral CB, Muñoz-Miranda LA, Kirchmayr MR, Martínez-Rodríguez V, Padilla-Rosas M, Iñiguez-Moreno M, Rangel-Velázquez S, Hernández-Reyes FB, Charles-Niño CL, Nava-Valdivia CA. Emerging Resistance in Oral Candida Isolates from Patients with Periodontal Disease. Microbiology Research. 2026; 17(4):80. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17040080

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tinoco-Cabral, Claudia Berenice, Luis Alfonso Muñoz-Miranda, Manuel R. Kirchmayr, Vianeth Martínez-Rodríguez, Miguel Padilla-Rosas, Maricarmen Iñiguez-Moreno, Suchiquil Rangel-Velázquez, Fabiola Berenice Hernández-Reyes, Claudia Lisette Charles-Niño, and Cesar Arturo Nava-Valdivia. 2026. "Emerging Resistance in Oral Candida Isolates from Patients with Periodontal Disease" Microbiology Research 17, no. 4: 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17040080

APA Style

Tinoco-Cabral, C. B., Muñoz-Miranda, L. A., Kirchmayr, M. R., Martínez-Rodríguez, V., Padilla-Rosas, M., Iñiguez-Moreno, M., Rangel-Velázquez, S., Hernández-Reyes, F. B., Charles-Niño, C. L., & Nava-Valdivia, C. A. (2026). Emerging Resistance in Oral Candida Isolates from Patients with Periodontal Disease. Microbiology Research, 17(4), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17040080

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