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Article

Evaluation of the Antibiofilm Activity of Clove Essential Oil in the Development of Bioactive Coatings for Arterial Sampling Devices

by
Ikram Markaoui
1,*,†,
Meryem Idrissi Yahyaoui
2,†,
Abdeslam Asehraou
2,
Abdelkrim Daoudi
1,
Brahim Housni
3 and
Houssam Bkiyar
1
1
Laboratory of Anatomy, Microsurgery, Experimental Surgery and Medical Simulation, Mohammed VI University Hospital of Oujda, Mohammed First University, Oujda 60000, Morocco
2
Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
3
Mohammed VI University Hospital, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(12), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16120260
Submission received: 15 October 2025 / Revised: 2 December 2025 / Accepted: 3 December 2025 / Published: 11 December 2025
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Abstract

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and biofilm-associated infections represent a major global health concern, particularly in the context of medical devices such as catheters, tubing, and blood sampling devices. Biofilms, responsible for up to 85% of human infections, confer a high level of microbial resistance and compromise device performance and patient safety. In this study, the antibiofilm potential of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) essential oil was investigated through an in vitro assay. GC–MS analysis revealed eugenol (72.77%) as the predominant compound, accompanied by β-caryophyllene (14.72%) and carvacrol (2.09%). The essential oil exhibited notable antimicrobial activity, producing inhibition zones of 30.5 ± 4.5 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 24.5 ± 0.5 mm against Micrococcus luteus, 16.0 ± 2.0 mm against Escherichia coli, 13.0 ± 1.0 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 23.5 ± 1.5 mm against Candida albicans, and 24.0 ± 2.0 mm against C. glabrata. A marked reduction in biofilm biomass observed on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) surfaces. The application of clove essential oil as a coating for PVC-based medical devices remains a future possibility that requires formulation and in vivo testing. This strategy is proposed as potentially eco-safe, although environmental toxicity and biocompatibility have not yet been evaluated. It could contribute to the prevention of biofilm formation in arterial sampling systems and other healthcare-related materials, thereby enhancing device safety and longevity.
Keywords: Syzygium aromaticum; clove essential oil; eugenol; biofilm inhibition; PVC surfaces; medical device coatings; blood sampling device; antimicrobial resistance Syzygium aromaticum; clove essential oil; eugenol; biofilm inhibition; PVC surfaces; medical device coatings; blood sampling device; antimicrobial resistance

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MDPI and ACS Style

Markaoui, I.; Yahyaoui, M.I.; Asehraou, A.; Daoudi, A.; Housni, B.; Bkiyar, H. Evaluation of the Antibiofilm Activity of Clove Essential Oil in the Development of Bioactive Coatings for Arterial Sampling Devices. Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16, 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16120260

AMA Style

Markaoui I, Yahyaoui MI, Asehraou A, Daoudi A, Housni B, Bkiyar H. Evaluation of the Antibiofilm Activity of Clove Essential Oil in the Development of Bioactive Coatings for Arterial Sampling Devices. Microbiology Research. 2025; 16(12):260. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16120260

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markaoui, Ikram, Meryem Idrissi Yahyaoui, Abdeslam Asehraou, Abdelkrim Daoudi, Brahim Housni, and Houssam Bkiyar. 2025. "Evaluation of the Antibiofilm Activity of Clove Essential Oil in the Development of Bioactive Coatings for Arterial Sampling Devices" Microbiology Research 16, no. 12: 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16120260

APA Style

Markaoui, I., Yahyaoui, M. I., Asehraou, A., Daoudi, A., Housni, B., & Bkiyar, H. (2025). Evaluation of the Antibiofilm Activity of Clove Essential Oil in the Development of Bioactive Coatings for Arterial Sampling Devices. Microbiology Research, 16(12), 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16120260

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