EVB-Supportive Energy Management for Residential Systems with Renewable Energy Supply
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Default Setting and System Parameters
3. Day-Ahead Probabilistic PV Generation Forecast
4. Optimization Model
4.1. Notations and Parameters
4.2. System Layouts and Models
4.2.1. SP Model for the Default Setting
4.2.2. SP Model for (a) Hybrid System
4.2.3. SP Model for (b) Hybrid System with EVB Supply
4.2.4. SP Model for (c) On-Grid System
4.2.5. SP Model for (d) On-Grid System with EVB Supply
5. Numerical Results
5.1. Experiment Settings and System Parameters
5.2. Scenarios of Solar PV Generation
5.3. Results of SP Models
5.4. Managerial Insights
- In general, EV batteries cannot fully replace HB because: (a) It cannot be charged by solar PV in our experimental setting; (b) It is not at home when solar PV generation reaches the maximum level.
- Supposing that considerable rewards are paid for “selling” back electricity, e.g., at a rate of of the lowest tariff, HEMS without home battery outperforms those with home batteries, and depends less on the solar generation level.
- When home battery is not installed, allowing EVB supply to home appliances saves 5–15% of the daily bill. Therefore, once EV replaces petrol/diesel cars in the future, households having solar PV but no home battery installed can benefit from using their EVB as alternative home energy storage.
- When home battery is large (over 10 kWh), allowing transmission from HB to EVB saves 21–58% of the daily bill with minimum 2 kWh solar generation. This suggests the future development directions of battery charging/discharging routes.
6. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicators | Definition |
S | solar PV generation system |
G | regional electricity grid |
E | electric vehicle battery |
B | home battery |
V | electric vehicle |
T | typical household appliances or major appliances used for routine housekeeping tasks such as cooking, washing laundry, or food preservation |
D | small household appliances including portable/semi-portable machines such as microwave ovens, toasters, humidifiers, coffeemakers, and other electronic devices |
Indices | |
i | electricity supply sources, |
j | power demand categories, |
k | energy storage, |
t | time intervals, , where |
Parameters | |
[£/kWh], cost of electricity from resource i at time t, | |
[kW], amount of electricity supply from source i at time t, | |
[kW], amount of electricity demand from category j at time t, | |
[kWh], capacity of energy storage | |
indicator showing if EV is available at home during interval | |
conversion rate of power transmission | |
energy selling price as a proportion to the lowest ToU tariff (when selling of energy is allowed) | |
Variables | |
[kW], amount of electricity transmission from i to j at time t, | |
[kW], amount of electricity transmission from i to k at time t, | |
[kW], amount of electricity transmission between energy storage at time t, | |
[kW], amount of electricity transmission from k to j at time t, | |
[kWh], storage level of type k battery at time t, | |
[kW], amount of surplus electricity generated from solar PV during interval |
Systems | Residential Power Systems with Solar PV and EV | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Including Home Battery | Allowing Charge of EVB From Home Battery | Allowing Home Apps. Supplied from EVB | Allowing Selling Energy to the Grid | |
Default System | Yes | No | No | No |
(a) Hybrid System | Yes | Yes | No | No |
(b) Hybrid System with EVB Supply | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
(c) On-grid System | No | No | No | Yes |
(d) On-grid System with EVB Supply | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Stage | Parameter | Estimate | Remark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-kWh | 2-kWh | 3kWh | (Cloud Level) | ||
1st stage | 0.805 | 1.610 | 2.414 | Fine | |
−0.025 | −0.051 | −0.076 | Partly cloudy | ||
−0.041 | −0.081 | −0.122 | Mostly cloudy | ||
−0.391 | −0.782 | −1.173 | Cloudy | ||
−0.660 | −1.321 | −1.981 | Showers | ||
2nd stage | 0.009 | 0.037 | 0.083 | ||
0.014 | 0.055 | 0.137 |
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Yang, X.; Chitsuphaphan, T.; Dai, H.; Meng, F. EVB-Supportive Energy Management for Residential Systems with Renewable Energy Supply. World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13, 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13070122
Yang X, Chitsuphaphan T, Dai H, Meng F. EVB-Supportive Energy Management for Residential Systems with Renewable Energy Supply. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2022; 13(7):122. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13070122
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Xinan, Thanet Chitsuphaphan, Hongsheng Dai, and Fanlin Meng. 2022. "EVB-Supportive Energy Management for Residential Systems with Renewable Energy Supply" World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 7: 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13070122