Finding Bottlenecks in Message Passing Interface Programs by Scalable Critical Path Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
- The critical path cannot contain program edges leading to receive nodes that incur a blocking wait time.
- The critical path cannot contain communication edges, which do not lead to blocking wait times.
3. Approach Overview
- Synchronize timestamps of all MPI processes.
- We use a monotonic clock to save timestamps and synchronize clocks using MPI_Allreduce at the start of the program (in MPI_init).
- Log relevant MPI operations with relevant arguments and start–end timestamps. Link local operations into a linear graph.
- We log every MPI call that involves process communication (e.g., MPI_Send, MPI_Recv, MPI_Reduce, MPI_Broadcast, etc.) using the MPI profiling interface.
- For each MPI call, we log the start timestamp, end timestamp, function name, and function arguments (except user data).
- Each MPI process maintains its own log-in memory.
- The log represents a linear graph: an edge connects the log record N to the log record . The weight of the edge equals the difference between the start time and the end time N.
- After MPI_Finalize, link corresponding local and remote operations (send/recv) to produce the final graph.
- After the previous step, we have the log which is distributed across all MPI processes, and we now convert it to the graph. The local log contains only the edges for the vertices of the corresponding MPI process, and we need to create edges between the different MPI processes. (For each MPI call, we have a starting and ending vertex that is connected with the edge.)
- To achieve this, each MPI process goes over all log records, and, for each MPI call, it requests information from the processes that were involved in this call. (It does not matter whether the receiver or sender obtains the information; we need to create the edges only in one MPI process not to produce duplicates.) The information is requested using the appropriate MPI calls (MPI_Send, MPI_Recv, MPI_Reduce, etc.), and the calls are different for each collective and point-to-point operation.
- We can optimize the graph during conversion using techniques from [2]. For example, for MPI_Barrier, we need only one edge that connects the starting vertex for the last process to reach the barrier with the ending vertex for the last process to leave the barrier. For other blocking collective operations, the optimizations are similar.
- Find the critical path using different algorithms and existing data distribution between nodes.
- Now, we have the final graph that is composed of local graphs, which are stored in the corresponding MPI processes. The global graph is partitioned already, and all we need is to find the critical path.
- For parallel processing, we need to map each vertex and edge of the graph to the rank of the MPI process that stores this edge or vertex. This is trivial to implement in the previous step by saving the rank of the target MPI process for each inter-process edge; all other vertices and edges are local to the node.
- There are several algorithms for parallel graph search. The most common one is Delta-stepping (see Section 4). We make all weights negative and start the search from the vertex with the largest timestamp (which can also be determined in the previous step).
4. Methods and Algorithms for Finding Critical Path
4.1. Sequential Dijkstra
4.2. Sequential Delta-Stepping
4.3. Parallel Dijkstra
- We start with the nodes and edges distributed across the MPI processes: each process stores only the nodes that correspond to the MPI calls that were made by this process and all incoming edges of these nodes. The process that contains a particular node is determined using its global identifier and simple division.
- Each process pushes the source node to its own per-process queue and the main loop begins.
- For each iteration, each process extracts the next node from the queue and finds all incoming edges of this node. Then, we group the edges by the rank of the process that stores the source node of each edge. After that, each process sends each non-empty group to the corresponding rank.
- After the communication, each process concatenates all of the groups of edges that were received from other processes. The resulting edges are scanned, and, if the new distance is smaller, then the distance is updated, and the source node of the edge is pushed into the queue with the new distance (distances are stored in the local hash table).
- The iterations continue until all per-process queues are empty. If the queue becomes empty, then the corresponding process takes part in the collective operations but does not process nodes from the queue.
- After the last iteration, the hash table that stores the path that was followed by the algorithm is gathered in the first MPI process. Then, the algorithm terminates.
4.4. Parallel Splits
- If some asynchronous MPI operations have not been completed yet, then this is not a synchronization point.
- If any edges of the collective MPI operation have a negative time, then this is not a synchronization point.
- Otherwise, it is a global synchronization point, and we can split the graph at this point.
- Run a sequential algorithm on each split sequentially.
- Run a parallel algorithm on each split sequentially.
- Run a parallel algorithm on each split in parallel.
- Run a sequential algorithm on each split in parallel.
4.5. Topological Sorting
- Record intervals that denote MPI edges and program edges.
- Gather all intervals in rank 0.
- Sort them by start time (actually merge sorted arrays).
- Find overlapping program edges. In each group, the longest edge belongs to the critical path (Figure 5).
- Connect the longest program edges to each other.
- Record intervals that denote MPI edges and program edges.
- Shuffle intervals between ranks. Each rank receives its own period of time.
- Merge shuffled arrays in each rank.
- Find overlapping program edges. In each group, the longest edge belongs to the critical path.
- Connect the longest program edges to each other.
- Gather all critical path segments in rank 0.
- Linear time O(n).
- Reliable: works even without cross-process edges.
- No graph: no graph cycles are possible, nor are infinite program loops.
- Shuffle can be slow: need to transfer of the total size of the graph.
- Overlapping is good enough but not perfect: e.g., need to detect non-MPI_COMM_ WORLD communicators.
5. Profiling MPI Applications
5.1. Logging MPI Calls
5.2. Converting the Log Records to the Graph
- t_wait_before = t_start_max - t_start[i]
- t_wait_after = t_end[i] - t_end_min
- t_execution = t_end[i] - t_start[i] - t_wait_before - t_wait_after =
- = t_end_min - t_start_max
- imbalance = (t_wait_before + t_wait_after) / t_execution
- imbalance_call = (t_wait_before + t_wait_after) / t_execution
- imbalance_process = sum(t_wait_before + t_wait_after for each call)
- / (sum(t_execution for each call) + t_program_edges)
- imbalance_program =
- sum(t_wait_before + t_wait_after for each call and process)
- / (sum(t_execution for each call and process)
- + sum(t_program_edges for each process))
5.3. Synthetic Benchmarks
- Per-process statistics:
- rank program_time graph_time total_time total_execution_time
- 0 1.908003056 0.000988314 1.908991370 0.935452868
- 1 1.907246658 0.000208261 1.907454919 0.935452868
- 2 1.905164954 0.000214803 1.905379757 0.935452868
- 3 1.904170098 0.000349145 1.904519243 0.935452868
- rank total_wait_time imbalance num_calls num_nodes num_edges
- 0 0.018105627 0.019354932 3 8 13
- 1 1.344099347 1.436843472 3 6 13
- 2 1.335822343 1.427995347 3 6 13
- 3 1.332357843 1.424291793 3 6 13
- Total statistics:
- program_time=1.908642225
- graph_time=0.000349145
- total_time=1.908991370
- total_execution_time=3.741811472
- total_wait_time=4.030385160
- imbalance=1.077121386
- num_calls=12
- num_nodes=26
- num_edges=52
5.4. Time Synchronization
5.5. Visualization
5.6. Load Imbalance Estimation
5.6.1. Heuristic
5.6.2. Analytic
5.6.3. Pattern-Based
- Late Sender. This property refers to the amount of time lost when the MPI_Recv call is sent before the corresponding MPI_Send is executed.
- Late Receiver. This property applies to the opposite case. MPI_Send is blocked until the corresponding receive operation is called. This can happen for several reasons. Either the default implementation works in synchronous mode, or the size of the message being sent exceeds the available buffer space, and the operation is blocked until the data are transmitted to the recipient. The behavior is similar to MPI_SSend waiting for the message to be delivered. The downtime is measured, and the sum of all downtime periods is returned as a severity value.
- Messages in Wrong Order. This property concerns the problem of sending messages out of order. For example, the sender can send messages in a certain order, and the recipient can expect them to arrive in the reverse order.
- Wait at Barrier. This property corresponds to the downtime caused by the load imbalance when the barrier is called. The idle time is calculated by comparing the execution time of the process for each MPI_Barrier call. To work correctly, the implementation of this property requires the participation of all processes in each call of the collective barrier operation. The final value is simply the sum of all measured downtime periods.
6. Benchmarking
6.1. NAS Parallel Benchmarks
- Class S: small for quick test purposes;
- Class W: workstation size (a 1990s workstation; now likely too small)
- Classes A, B, and C: standard test problems; 4× size increase going from one class to the next;
- Classes D, E, and F: large test problems; 16× size increase from each of the previous classes.
- BT, SP—a square number of processes (1, 4, 9, ...);
- LU—2D (n1 × n2) process grid where n1/2 <= n2 <= n1;
- CG, FT, IS, MG—a power-of-two number of processes (1, 2, 4, ...);
- EP, DT—no special requirement.
- total run time with MPI call recording;
- total run time with MPI call recording + critical path finding;
- total run time without mpi-graph.
6.2. CP2K
6.3. OpenFOAM
- There are solvers, each of which is designed to solve a specific problem of continuum mechanics. Each solver has at least one tutorial that shows its use.
- There are utilities designed to perform tasks related to data manipulation. OpenFOAM comes with pre-/post-processing environments, each of which has its own utilities.
6.4. LAMMPS
6.5. MiniFE
6.6. Case Studies
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Benchmark | Name | Description | Problem Sizes and Parameters (Class C) |
---|---|---|---|
MG | Multi-grid on a sequence of meshes, long- and short-distance communication, memory intensive | Approximation of the solution of a three-dimensional discrete Poisson equation using the V-cycle multigrid method. | grid size: 512 × 512 × 512 no. of iterations: 20 |
CG | Conjugate gradient, irregular memory access and communication | Approximation to the smallest eigenvalue of a large sparse, symmetric positive-definite matrix using inverse iteration together with the conjugate gradient method as a subroutine for solving linear systems of algebraic equations. | no. of rows: 150,000 no. of nonzeros: 15 no. of iterations: 75 eigenvalue shift: 110 |
FT | Discrete 3D fast Fourier Transform all-to-all communication | Solving a three-dimensional partial differential equation using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). | grid size: 512 × 512 × 512 no. of iterations: 20 |
IS | Integer sort, random memory access | Sorting small integers using pocket sorting. | no. of keys: key max. value: |
EP | Embarrassingly Parallel | Generation of independent normally distributed random variables using Marsaglia polar method. | no. of random-number pairs: |
BT | Block tri-diagonal solver | Solves a synthetic system of nonlinear diffs. partial differential equations (a 3-dimensional system of Navier–Stokes equations for a compressible liquid or gas) using a three-block tridiagonal scheme with the method of variable directions (BT), a scalar five-diagonal scheme (SP), and a method of symmetric sequential upper relaxation (SSOR algorithm, LU problem). | grid size: 162 × 162 × 162 no. of iterations: 200 time step: 0.0001 |
SP | Scalar penta-diagonal solver | Solution of the heat equation taking into account diffusion and convection in a cube. The heat source is mobile, the grid is irregular, and changes every 5 steps. | grid size: 162 × 162 × 162 no. of iterations: 400 time step: 0.00067 |
LU | Lower-upper Gauss–Seidel solver | Same problem as SP, but the method is different. | grid size: 162 × 162 × 162 no. of iterations: 250 time step: 2.0 |
Benchmark | Nprocesses | Nnodes | Tasks-per-Node | Rel. Overhead (No Compression) | Rel. Overhead (Compression) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ep.C | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
ep.C | 16 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 0.01 |
ep.C | 32 | 4 | 8 | 0.09 | 0.02 |
ep.C | 64 | 8 | 8 | 0.44 | 0.05 |
is.C | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
is.C | 16 | 2 | 8 | 0.02 | 0.001 |
is.C | 32 | 4 | 8 | 0.19 | 0.06 |
is.C | 64 | 8 | 8 | 0.06 | 0 |
lu.C | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0.01 |
lu.C | 16 | 2 | 8 | 0.06 | 0.02 |
lu.C | 32 | 4 | 8 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
lu.C | 64 | 8 | 8 | 0.16 | 0.09 |
mg.C | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0.01 |
mg.C | 16 | 2 | 8 | 0.04 | 0 |
mg.C | 32 | 4 | 8 | 0.14 | 0.02 |
mg.C | 64 | 8 | 8 | 0.25 | 0.06 |
No. of Nodes | No. of Processes per Node | Program Time, s | MPI-Graph Time, s | Overhead, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 2 | 432.61 | 0.024 | 0.01% |
4 | 4 | 150.25 | 0.21 | 0.14% |
8 | 8 | 100.78 | 1.52 | 1.49% |
No. of Nodes | No. of Processes per Node | Program Time, s | MPI-Graph Time, s | Overhead, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 8 | 31.51 | 0.001 | 0.00% |
2 | 8 | 15.89 | 0.010 | 0.06% |
4 | 8 | 8.07 | 0.069 | 0.85% |
8 | 8 | 5.19 | 0.059 | 1.14% |
No. of Nodes | No. of Processes per Node | Program Time, s | MPI-Graph Time, s | Overhead, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 8 | 7.18 | 0.16 | 2.23% |
2 | 8 | 16.96 | 0.17 | 1.03% |
4 | 8 | 18.91 | 0.11 | 0.57% |
8 | 8 | 26.60 | 0.13 | 0.48% |
No. of Nodes | No. of Processes per Node | Program Time, s | MPI-Graph Time, s | Overhead, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 8 | 21.56 | 0.03 | 0.14% |
2 | 8 | 14.82 | 0.13 | 0.89% |
4 | 8 | 16.81 | 0.37 | 2.14% |
8 | 8 | 8.43 | 0.83 | 8.94% |
No. of Nodes | No. of Processes per Node | Program Time, s | MPI-Graph Time, s | Overhead, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 2 | 198.51 | 0.09 | 0.05% |
4 | 4 | 113.77 | 0.38 | 0.33% |
8 | 8 | 105.89 | 0.24 | 0.23% |
No. of Nodes | No. of Processes per Node | Program Time, s | MPI-Graph Time, s | Overhead, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 2 | 260.86 | 0.51 | 0.19% |
4 | 4 | 92.11 | 1.66 | 1.77% |
8 | 8 | 58.76 | 5.34 | 8.33% |
Test Case | Compression | Threshold, s |
---|---|---|
bt.C | no | 0 |
ep.C | no | 0 |
is.C | no | 0 |
mg.C | no | 0 |
ft.C | no | 0 |
lu.C | yes (min. level) | 0 |
Acronym | Meaning |
---|---|
ssmp | Single process + symmetric multiprocessor (OpenMP) |
sdbg | ssmp + debug settings |
psmp | Parallel (MPI) + symmetric multiprocessor (OpenMP) |
popt | psmp + optimized |
pdbg | psmp + debug settings |
No. of Nodes | No. of Processes per Node | Program Time, s | MPI-Graph Time, s | Overhead, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 2 | 12.24 | 0.011 | 0.09% |
4 | 4 | 24.74 | 0.027 | 0.11% |
8 | 8 | 121.92 | 0.371 | 0.30% |
10 | 8 | 142.55 | 4.162 | 2.84% |
Test Case | No. of Iterations | Compression | Threshold, s |
---|---|---|---|
fayalite | 10 | yes (min level) | 0 |
No. of Nodes | No. of Processes per Node | Program Time, s | MPI-Graph Time, s | Overhead, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 2 | 70.56 | 1.47 | 2.05% |
4 | 4 | 104.35 | 2.98 | 2.79% |
8 | 8 | 219.03 | 9.62 | 4.21% |
10 | 8 | 230.47 | 10.02 | 4.18% |
Test Case | No. of Iterations | Compression | Threshold, s |
---|---|---|---|
pitzDailyExptInlet | 1000 | yes (min level) | 0.001 |
No. of Nodes | No. of Processes per Node | Program Time, s | MPI-Graph Time, s | Overhead, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 2 | 125.92 | 0.28 | 0.22% |
4 | 4 | 63.52 | 0.49 | 0.76% |
8 | 8 | 35.31 | 1.53 | 4.16% |
10 | 8 | 49.33 | 2.64 | 5.08% |
Test Case | No. of Iterations | Compression | Threshold, s |
---|---|---|---|
in.lj | 10,000 | yes (min level) | 0.001 |
No. of Nodes | No. of Processes per Node | Program Time, s | MPI-Graph Time, s | Overhead, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 2 | 137.73 | 0.05 | 0.03% |
4 | 4 | 52.43 | 0.22 | 0.42% |
8 | 8 | 39.78 | 1.00 | 2.44% |
10 | 8 | 36.38 | 2.35 | 6.06% |
Test Case | Compression | Threshold, s |
---|---|---|
nx = 300 ny = 300 nz = 300 | yes (max level) | 0 |
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Korkhov, V.; Gankevich, I.; Gavrikov, A.; Mingazova, M.; Petriakov, I.; Tereshchenko, D.; Shatalin, A.; Slobodskoy, V. Finding Bottlenecks in Message Passing Interface Programs by Scalable Critical Path Analysis. Algorithms 2023, 16, 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/a16110505
Korkhov V, Gankevich I, Gavrikov A, Mingazova M, Petriakov I, Tereshchenko D, Shatalin A, Slobodskoy V. Finding Bottlenecks in Message Passing Interface Programs by Scalable Critical Path Analysis. Algorithms. 2023; 16(11):505. https://doi.org/10.3390/a16110505
Chicago/Turabian StyleKorkhov, Vladimir, Ivan Gankevich, Anton Gavrikov, Maria Mingazova, Ivan Petriakov, Dmitrii Tereshchenko, Artem Shatalin, and Vitaly Slobodskoy. 2023. "Finding Bottlenecks in Message Passing Interface Programs by Scalable Critical Path Analysis" Algorithms 16, no. 11: 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/a16110505