A Critical Review of Snail Shell Material Modification for Applications in Wastewater Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Property, Structure, and Process of Snail Shell as Bio-Adsorbent
Snail Name/Country | Modifier/Method | Porosity (°C) | Structure | Components (%) | Adsorption | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Snail (Nigeria) | Furnace to powder | 200, 300 and 400 | Surface area: 0.99 m2/g | - | Pb(II) | [53] |
Achatina achatina (African) | Co-precipitation | - | Moisture content: 2.1% | Ash: 93.76, Calcium: 99.74 | Aniline blue | [96] |
Achatina achatina (African) | No | - | - | Protein: 0.12, Fiber: 4.06, Fat: 0.79, Ash: 2, NFE: 93.04 | Wastewater from the brewery industry | [91] |
Archatina maginata (African) | No | - | - | Protein: 0.42, Fiber: 3.37, Fat: 0.75, Ash: 10, NFE: 82.36 | Wastewater from the brewery industry | [91] |
Archatina fulica (African) | No | - | - | Protein: 0.3, Fiber: 3.96, Fat: 0.38, Ash: 10, NFE: 82.36 | Wastewater from the brewery industry | [91] |
Limucalaria sp. (African) | No | - | - | Protein: 0.23, Fiber: 4.14, Fat: 0.48, Ash: 13, NFE: 82.15 | Wastewater from the brewery industry | [91] |
Pomacea canaliculata L. (Indonesia) | No | 900 | - | O: 63.28, P: 11.79, Ca: 24.93 | Pb (II) | [97] |
Pomacea canaliculata L. (Indonesia) | Hydroxyapatite-SiO2 composite | 900 | - | O: 58.17, P: 10.33, Ca: 22.16, Si: 9.34 | Pb (II) | [97] |
Bellamya chinensis (Vietnam) | No | - | Surface area <2 m2/g, total pore volume <0.001 cm3/g | C: 28.15, O: 62.68, Ca: 9.57, | Cr (VI) | [98] |
Bellamya chinensis (Vietnam) | Impregnating with iron oxide | - | Surface area: 69.69 m2/g, total pore volume: 0.104 cm3/g | C: 6.05, O: 70.84, Cl: 9.31, Ca: 6.64, Fe: 7.16 | Cr (VI) | [99] |
Rostellaria (Iraq) | No | - | Surface area: 295 m2/g, moisture content: 24.33% | CaO: 52.7, SiO2: 2.4, Al2O3: 0.68, Fe2O3 0.44, MgO 1.5, SO3 0.28 | Azure A, B Dye | [100] [102] |
Umbonium vestiarium (Iran) | No | - | Surface area: 17.01 m2/g, pore volume: 0.038 cm3/g, pore size: 90.42 Å | - | Co (II) | [102] |
Helix pomatia (Nigeria) | ZnCl2 | 500–800 | Moisture content: 1.75% | Ash: 85 | Methylene blue | [103] |
Helix pomatia (Nigeria) | CaCl2 | 500–800 | Moisture content: 1.75% | Ash: 91 | Methylene blue | [103] |
Snail (Nigeria) | No | 500 | Surface area: 2567.32 m2/g, moisture content: 0.32%, porosity: 48% | Ash: 12.5 | Wastewater from beverage | [104] |
Snail (Nigeria) | Activating agent of H3PO4 | 500 | Surface area: 2987.69 m2/g, moisture content: 0.27%, porosity: 72% | Ash: 7.3 | Wastewater from beverage | [104] |
Snail (Nigeria) | Coagulant aid in the alum precipitation | - | Bulk density: 1.33 g/cm3, moisture content: 2.1%, | Ash: 93.76 Ca: 99.74, Mg: 0.0002, Na: 0.0008 K: 0.0009, Cu: 0.00002, Pb: 0.0005 | Malachite green | [105] |
Snail (China) | Mixture with activated chestnut shell | 500, 700, 900 | Surface area: 1705 m2/g average pore diameter: 4.07 nm | C: 35.63, O: 42.31, Ca: 22.05 | Methylene blue | [106] |
Physa acuta (India) | No | 550 | Water content: 886.1 mg/g | Ash: 54.95, CaCO3: 98.9 | Cd(II) | [107] |
Argopecten irradians (China) | No | - | Surface area: 1.88 m2/g, pore size: 10.49 nm, pore volume: 0.005 cm3/g | - | Cr(VI) and Cu(II) | [108] |
Argopecten irradians (China) | Calcinated | 300 | Surface area: 2.78 m2/g pore size: 14.86 nm pore volume: 0.01 cm3/g | - | Cr(VI) and Cu(II) | [108] |
Argopecten irradians (China) | Acidification shell | 300 | Surface area: 2.75 m2/g pore size: 16.19 nm pore volume: 0.01 cm3/g | - | Cr(VI) and Cu(II) | [108] |
Snail (Morocco) | No | 700, 900, and 1200 | Surface area: 0.72 m2/g | - | Cu (II) | [109] |
Anadara uropigimelana (Egypt) | No | - | Surface area: 2.82 m2/g | C: 11.1, O: 41.1, Ca: 47.6 | Methylene blue | [110] |
Name | Dry Condition (°C/Time) | Temperature (°C) | Time Furnace (h) | Reagent | pH | Adsorption | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Snail shell-rice husk | 100/24 h | 681.1 | 2.61 | - | 9 | Brilliant green dye | [113] |
Pomacea canaliculata L. | In the sun/24 h | 900 | 4 | (NH4)2HPO4 | Pb(II) | [97] | |
Solamen Vaillanti | 100/0.5 h | 400 | 3 | H3PO4 solution | 6.5 | Cu(II), Co(II), and Pb(II) | [114] |
Fresh snail shell | 80/24 h | - | - | H2SO4 solution | 2 | Cr (VI) | [98] |
Rostellaria | 100/24 h | - | - | - | 6.8 | Azure B dye | [100] |
Umbonium vestiarium | 105/24 h | 1000 | 4 | - | 7 | Co (II) | [102] |
Helix pomatia | 105/3 h | 500–800 | 3 | ZnCl2 and CaCl2 | - | - | [103] |
Snail | 110/2 h | 500 | 1 | H3PO4 solution | 7.04 | [104] | |
Oncomelania hupensis Gredler | 80/24 h | 500, 700, and 900 | 1 | H3PO4 solution | 4.7 | Methylene Blue | [106] |
Physa acuta | 50/1 h | - | - | - | - | Cd(II) | [107] |
Argopecten irradians | 60/48 h | 200, 300, 400, and 500 | 3 | HCl solution | - | Cr(VI) and Cu(II) | [108] |
Snail shell | 100/12 h | 1000 | 1 | - | - | Cu(II) | [109] |
3. Popular Biochar-Modification Methodologies for Snail Shell Materials
- -
- Impregnated with supplements: For this method, the snail shells are washed to remove unnecessary substances and dried. Then, they will be soaked with a solution to increase the adsorption process. After being soaked in biochar, substances will experience interactions between the admixture molecules and calcium carbonate, resulting in the release of carbon molecules and a change in the structure of the adsorbent [99]. Many studies have used different types of substances and varied mixing ratios, such as phosphoric acid [114], FeCl3 [99], ZnCl2, and CaCl2 [103]. A study using Fe as an impregnated agent in combination with a snail shell revealed that the effect of Fe3O4 formed on the material was very good and had an expected effect on Cr(VI) adsorption in wastewater [111].
- -
- Combination of other adsorbents: The incorporation of other adsorbent materials into snail shell biochar is a current trend when the specific adsorption efficiency of the shell material is not high. The substances associated with the snail shell material come from a variety of sources, the majority of which are agricultural waste. Snail shell and rice husk were combined and calcined for more than two hours at 681.1 °C to produce mixed adsorbent materials with quite high adsorption results when compared to individual materials [113]. Another study on the combination of snail shell and chestnut using a simple combination method and different ratios of snail shell and chestnut resulted in methylene blue treatment efficiency of up to 92% [106]. A combination of snail shell and pine cone powder also demonstrated high potential for heavy-metal treatment in wastewater due to the combination of cellulose in an amorphous crystalline phase and calcium carbonate compound [115].
- -
- Synthesis of hydroxyapatite: This method involves heating the shell to a high temperature to convert CaCO3 to CaO phase; the process can be supplemented with a variety of acidic solutions [97]. The thermal treatment range has a large range of values to find the right temperature for each shell. The results of a temperature range study from 200 to 1000 °C to compare the particle evaluation of different raw materials and pyrolysis materials revealed that a calcined snail shell at 200 °C was aragonite polymorphs, calcite at 400–600 °C, and calcium oxide at 800–1000 °C [92].
- -
- Co-precipitation: Because wastes from sea material have a high calcium carbonate content, using these wastes for research as an adjunct to co-precipitation is considered a method with high efficiency. This method has the advantage of being able to use a wide range of materials, adapt to a wide range of reaction conditions, and produce particles with relatively even, uniform, and small sizes. The shell material can be considered an effective adsorbent as a coagulant aid due to its high iron content for the easy high-coagulating property [116]. N.A. Oladoja’s research on African snails used as a coagulant aid in alum precipitation to treat dye molecules from wastewater produced better results than treating alum and shell precipitates separately. In addition, the sludge obtained from this co-precipitation has better properties than the sludge obtained using the precipitate alone [96]. However, this method of co-precipitation also has some limitations in terms of time consumption; if co-precipitates have different precipitation rates or trace impurities, this can also cause precipitation [117]. Another study showed that using snail shell material and alum alone does not bring good results in the treatment of malachite green; however, using snail shell as a coagulant combined with alum precipitation results in a much higher processing result, increasing efficiency [105].
- -
- Sol–gel method: This method has been widely used in past years because of its advantages and is also used for other types of sea material, as studied by Tetyana M Budnyak et al. [118] or research by Guillermo J. Copello et al. [119] on the synthesis of chitosan–silica materials via the sol–gel method. A study on snail shell in situ hybridization of different dyes via the sol–gel method showed that the treatment efficiency of Congo Red (>95%) was higher than that of Methylene blue (<80%) at an initial waste concentration of 100 mg/l. The synthesis of hydroxyapatite with Silica gives a better Pb(II) adsorption efficiency than that of hydroxyapatite from snail shells of 123.46 and 135.14 mg/g, respectively.
Type of Snail | Method | Pollutant | Concentration of Pollution (mg/L) | Efficiency (%) | Remarks | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achatina achatina | Co-precipitation | Aniline blue | 100 | >95 | Evaluation of the effect of pH, time, and sludge settling on textile dyeing waste removal | [96] |
Achatina Achatina | Sol–gel | Methylene blue and Congo Red | 100 | >95 | Investigate the influencing factors on initial waste concentration. pH is not affected, but sludge settlement is affected by waste removal | [120] |
Bellamya chinensis | Impregnating of iron oxide | Cr (VI) | 60 | 76.8 | The adsorbent material has the characteristics of CaCO3 and Fe3O4 to increase the adsorption surface compared to unmodified material, suitable with Langmuir and Pseudo-second-order model | [111] |
Solamen Vaillanti | Impregnating | Cu(II), Co(II), and Pb(II) | 10 | 94.4, 96.5, and 96.7 | Evaluation of the removal of three different heavy metals present in real wastewater and the influence of factors including pH, temperature, contact time, waste initial concentration, and adsorbent dosage | [114] |
Golden Snail Shell | Sol–gel | Pb(II) | 25 | 97.1 | Comparison of composites hydroxyapatite with SiO2 and hydroxyapatite from shells shows that modification material gives better performance | [97] |
Helix pomatia | Impregnating of ZnCl2 and CaCl2 | Methylene blue | 1000 | 98 and 67 | Evaluated as a raw material for the production of activated carbon with ZnCl2 and CaCl2 at temperatures ranging from 500 °C to 800 °C | [103] |
Oncomelania hupensis Gredler | Combination of other adsorbents | Methylene blue | 1300 | 92 | The mixture of activated chestnut shell biochar and pyrolyzed snail shell material in a simple process for high-concentration wastewater treatment | [106] |
Rostellaria | Mixing with melamine | Azure A dye | 5 | 93.9 | Compare the adsorption capacity of snail shell- Melamine Complex and this polymer modification biochar based on the addition of formaldehyde. | [121] |
4. Effect of Nutrient to Adsorption Biochar
4.1. pH
4.2. Contact Time
4.3. Temperature
4.4. Initial Concentration
4.5. Adsorbent Dose
Snail Name | pH | Contact Time (Min) | Temperature (°C) | Initial Adsorbent Concentration | Pollutant Concentration (mg/L) | Efficiency (%) | Pollutant | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Snail | - | 10, 20, 30 and 40 | 200, 300 and 400 | 100 g/100 mL | 30–120 | 99 | Pb ion | [53] |
Snail | 3–6 | 10–90 | - | 0.1–0.7 g/100 mL | 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 | 89.61 | Aniline blue | [96] |
Bellamya chinensis | 2–9 | 20–180 | 20–40 | 0.2–3 g/100 mL | 30–200 | 42 | Cr (VI) | [98] |
Bellamya chinensis | 2–12 | 5–240 | - | 0.04–0.48 mg/100 mL | 5–80 | 76.8 | Cr (VI) | [111] |
Golden snail | 2–10 | 0–90 | - | 0.08 mg/100 mL | 25–200 | 97.1 | Pb(II) | [97] |
Rostellaria | 2–12 | 10–140 | 25–65 | 0.01–0.08 g | 25 | 83 | Azure B Dye | [100] |
Rostellaria | 2–12 | 10–120 | 25–65 | 0.01–0.08 g | 5 | 89.5 | Azure A Dye | [122] |
Rostellaria | 2–12 | 10–120 | 25–65 | 0.005–0.08 g | 7 | 86.66 | Malachite Green | [101] |
Umbonium vestiarium | 3–9 | 5–120 | - | 0.025–0.6 g/100 mL | 10–50 | 93.87 | Co (II) | [102] |
Oncomelania hupensis Gredler | 4–12 | 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 300, 600 and 1440 | 500, 700 and 900 | 20 mg | 500, 900, 1300, 1700, 1900 and 2100 | 92 | Methylene blue | [106] |
Physa acuta Asif | 2–7 | 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 | - | 0.2–1 g/100 ml | 25–1000 | 87 | Cd(II) | [107] |
Argopecten irradians | 1.5–10 | 30–390 | 200–500 | 1–14 g/100 mL | 50–400 | 32.86 | Cr(VI) | [108] |
Argopecten irradians | - | 30–180 | 200–500 | - | 100–2000 | 99.04 | Cu(II) | [108] |
Snail | 2–8 | 0–180 | 700, 900 and 1000 | 0.05–1.2 mg | 50–500 | 99 | Cu (II) | [109] |
Snail | 2–12 | 10–120 | 25–65 | 0.005–0.08 g | 30 | 99.09 | Remazol Brilliant Blue dye | [127] |
Hexaplex kuesterianus | 2–9 | 60–180 | - | 0.2–1 g | 40 | 94.4 | Pb (II) | [128] |
Hexaplex kuesterianus | 2–9 | 60–180 | - | 0.2–1 g | 10 | 75.3 | Cu (II) | [128] |
Golden snail | 1.5–5.5 | 2–100 | 10–50 | 0.005–1 g/100 mL | 5–500 | 99.2 | Cd(II) | [125] |
Snail | 1–9 | 5–360 | 32–82 | 0.25–1.5 g | 100–500 | 99.93 and 70.58 | Pb (II) and Ni(II) | [126] |
Snail | 3–11 | 5–240 | 20–50 | 0.04–0.6 g/100 mL | 25–55 | 95 | Basic Yellow 28 | [129] |
5. Challenges and Future Research Directions
6. Conclusions and Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Type of Material | Year | General Content | Pollution Adsorption | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chitosan-based adsorbents | 2019 | Summarize heavy metal ion desorption and potential regeneration of chitosan-based adsorbents using different desorption agents | Heavy metal | [65] |
2 | Chitosan Modifications | 2020 | The trend in chitosan modification and adsorption capacity of cross-linked chitosan-based materials | Metal ion, dye, and pharmaceuticals | [66] |
3 | Sea material shells: oyster, snail, and shrimp shell | 2020 | A brief description and literature review of the heavy metal ion adsorption process’s equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic behaviors | Heavy metals | [47] |
4 | Marine-shell | 2020 | Studying the mechanisms of heavy metal absorption with different pyrolysis conditions of biochar materials | Heavy metals | [67] |
5 | Chitosan | 2020 | Different chitosan modifications and their applications in water and soil pollutant removal | Heavy metals, dyes, antibiotics, pesticides, and biological pollutants | [68] |
6 | Chitosan/chitin-carbonaceous material composites | 2020 | A review of the preparation of chitosan/chitin-carbonaceous material composites, adsorbent regeneration, and reusability | Heavy metals, dyes, and other contaminants | [69] |
7 | Chitin and chitosan-based biomaterials | 2021 | Detailed analysis of chitin and chitosan adsorption property modifications | Textile dyes | [70] |
8 | Chitosan-based adsorbents | 2021 | Detail on chitosan modification methods and the influence of co-existing ions on the synthesis processes, adsorbent efficiency, and regeneration methods | Heavy metal | [71] |
9 | Chitosan and chitosan bio-adsorbents | 2021 | The effects of chitosan and its derivatives on preparation strategies, adsorbent structure modification, and adsorbent variables using batch and fixed column studies | Nitrogen-containing pollutants | [72] |
10 | Hydrogels based on chitosan and alginate | 2021 | The use of chitosan and alginate in biobased hydrogel adsorbents and potential combinations with other ingredients | Dyes and metal ions | [73] |
11 | chitosan and its derivatives | 2021 | Preparation of chitosan and its derivatives and their application in wastewater treatment | Heavy metals | [74] |
12 | chitosan-based materials | 2021 | Overview of chitosan and its modification materials for dye adsorption from 2009 to 2020 | Dye | [75] |
13 | Chitosan-modified magnetic biochar | 2021 | Analyses of various modified biochars, mechanisms, dynamics, and factors influencing the adsorption process | Heavy metals | [76] |
14 | Chitin/chitosan, seaweeds, and seaweed-based polysaccharides | 2021 | Analyzing various types of marine-derived materials in water purification | Various contaminants | [77] |
15 | Chitosan composites | 2022 | A comprehensive overview of antibiotic removal, adsorption mechanisms, and influencing factors | Antibiotic residues | [78] |
16 | Chitosan-modified biochar | 2022 | Types, characterization, adsorption models, mechanisms, and applications of chitosan-biochar composites in wastewater treatment | Drug residues, dyes, phosphates, radionuclides, and perfluorochemicals,... | [79] |
17 | Chitosan | 2022 | Recent advances in the modification of chitosan-based materials by physical, chemical, and biological methods in many industries | Various contaminants | [80] |
18 | Shellfish waste | 2022 | The biochar from shellfish waste with higher adsorption capacities compared to lignocellulose biochar effectively removes emerging contaminants from aquaculture wastewater | Antibiotics, heavy metals, and excessive nutrients | [81] |
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Nhung, N.T.H.; Long, V.D.; Fujita, T. A Critical Review of Snail Shell Material Modification for Applications in Wastewater Treatment. Materials 2023, 16, 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031095
Nhung NTH, Long VD, Fujita T. A Critical Review of Snail Shell Material Modification for Applications in Wastewater Treatment. Materials. 2023; 16(3):1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031095
Chicago/Turabian StyleNhung, Nguyen Thi Hong, Vo Dinh Long, and Toyohisa Fujita. 2023. "A Critical Review of Snail Shell Material Modification for Applications in Wastewater Treatment" Materials 16, no. 3: 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031095