Residual Impact Performance of ECC Subjected to Sub-High Temperatures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiential Study
2.1. Materials and Mixtures
2.2. Tests and Procedures
2.3. Furnace Heating
3. Compressive Strength Results
4. Flexural Strength Results
5. Repeated Impact Strength Results
5.1. Impact Number Results
5.2. Failure of Impact Specimens
5.3. Impact Ductility
6. Conclusions
- Cracking (N1) and failure (N2) impact numbers increased after exposure to 100 °C compared to the unheated reference specimens, where N1 and N2 increased by approximately 18 and 21%, respectively. The impact resistance in terms of N1 and N2 of ECC was almost unaffected by the exposure to 200 °C, where the percentage decrease values of N1 and N2 were limited by approximately 4 and 1%, respectively. However, exposure to 300 °C led to a significant impact resistance deterioration, which was more severe at failure than at the cracking stage with percentage decrease values of 40 and 83%, respectively.
- To evaluate the influence of compressive strength on the response of cracking numbers with temperature, N1 and N2 were normalized at each temperature level by the corresponding compressive strength records at these temperatures. The normalized N1 and N2 values reflected a noticeable dependency degree of the temperature-response of N1 and N2 on that of compressive strength. The normalized N1 and N2 were almost constant at 100 and 200 °C, and both were higher than the unheated reference values, which is different behavior than that of N1 and N2 with temperature. The reductions at 300 °C were also lower for the normalized N1 and N1 cases than their corresponding N1 and N2 records. The different behaviors of normalized impact numbers from those of impact numbers reflect the noticeable degree of dependency of impact resistance on the compressive strength after exposure to temperatures of 100 to 300 °C.
- The specimens heated to 100 °C exhibited a ductile failure similar to that of the unheated specimens, which was characterized by the fracturing of the central zone of the top surface followed by surface multi-cracking and finally failed by the widening of one or more major cracks. Oppositely, the specimens exposed to 300 °C exhibited a sudden brittle failure without central fracturing or pre-failure multi-cracking. This behavior is attributed to the deterioration of the material microstructure and the complete melting of fibers. On the other hand, a kind of transition failure state between ductile and brittle failures was noticed for the specimens heated to 200 °C, where a weaker central fracturing zone was observed associated with wider cracks.
- The ductility index was comparable for the unheated specimens and those subjected to 100 and 200 °C, which was approximately 6 with only a minor difference of about 3%. This result is attributed to the behaviors of N1 and N2 with temperature, where the exposure to these temperature levels did not lead to any significant deterioration in the impact resistance. However, the sharp drop of the failure impact number after exposure to 300 °C reduced the impact ductility significantly to less than 30% of the unheated value.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oxide (%) | Cement (%) | Fly Ash (%) |
---|---|---|
SiO2 | 20.08 | 56.0 |
Fe2O3 | 3.6 | 24.81 |
Al2O3 | 4.62 | 5.3 |
CaO | 61.61 | 4.8 |
MgO | 2.12 | 1.48 |
SO3 | 2.71 | 0.36 |
Loss on ignition (%) | 1.38 | 5.78 |
Specific surface (m2/kg) | 368 | - |
Specific gravity | 3.15 | 2.20 |
Fineness (% retain in 45 μm) | - | 28.99 |
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Al-Ameri, R.A.; Abid, S.R.; Murali, G.; Ali, S.H.; Özakça, M.; Vatin, N.I. Residual Impact Performance of ECC Subjected to Sub-High Temperatures. Materials 2022, 15, 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020454
Al-Ameri RA, Abid SR, Murali G, Ali SH, Özakça M, Vatin NI. Residual Impact Performance of ECC Subjected to Sub-High Temperatures. Materials. 2022; 15(2):454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020454
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Ameri, Raad A., Sallal Rashid Abid, Gunasekaran Murali, Sajjad H. Ali, Mustafa Özakça, and Nikolay Ivanovich Vatin. 2022. "Residual Impact Performance of ECC Subjected to Sub-High Temperatures" Materials 15, no. 2: 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020454