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Article

Morphological and Gamma-Ray Attenuation Properties of High-Density Polyethylene Containing Bismuth Oxide

by
Aljawhara H. Almuqrin
1,
Mohamed Elsafi
2,*,
Sabina Yasmin
3 and
M. I. Sayyed
4
1
Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
2
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
3
Department of Physics, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram 4349, Bangladesh
4
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2022, 15(18), 6410; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186410
Submission received: 19 July 2022 / Revised: 3 September 2022 / Accepted: 12 September 2022 / Published: 15 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Materials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
For extensive radiation exposure, inventing a novel radiation shielding material is a burning issue at present for the purpose of life saving. Considering this thought, in this study, by adding sundry amounts of Bi2O3 into pure high-density polyethylene (HDPE), six HDPE systems were prepared to evaluate the radiation shielding efficiency. These HDPE systems were HDPEBi-0 (pure HDPE), HDPEBi-10 (10 wt% Bi2O3), HDPEBi-20 (20 wt% Bi2O3−), HDPEBi-30 (30 wt% Bi2O3), HDPEBi-40 (40 wt% Bi2O3), and HDPEBi-50 (50 wt% Bi2O3). The values of the linear attenuation coefficients of the experimental results (calculated in the lab using HPGe) were compared with the theoretical results (obtained using Phy-X software) at 0.060, 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV energies. To ensure the accurateness of the experimental results, this comparison was made. It was crystal clear that for energy values from 0.06 MeV to 1.333 MeV, all the experimental values were in line with Phy-X software data, which demonstrated the research setup’s reliability. Here, the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), and mean free path (MFP) shielding parameters were assessed. At the energy of 1.333 MeV, sample HDPEBi-0 showed an HVL value 1.7 times greater than that of HDPEBi-50, yet it was 23 times greater at 0.0595 MeV. That means that for proper radiation protection, very-low-energy HDPE systems containing 10–50% Bi2O3 could be used; however, the thickness of the HDPE system must be increased according to the energy of incident radiation.

1. Introduction

Natural ionizing radiation enduringly eclipses earth [1]. In our modern life, uses of radiation are mandatory in different sectors, such as the use of ionizing radiation in scientific disciplines, X-rays in medical and security checkpoints at airports, and computed tomography scans and radio-therapy in oncology departments [2,3]. To ensure careful control of the radiation received and protect people from unexpected exposure to radiation, shielding is one of the supreme priorities [4,5]. Usually, inorganic glasses [6], metal [7], ceramics [8,9], and organic polymers [10,11] are used for protection against hazardous radiation. Polymers such as polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylates, and polysiloxanes have been taken into account as organic protective materials for the prevention of radiation hazards [12]. The flexibility, durability, and featherweight features of polymer compounds have driven researchers to choose polymers as radiation shielding materials [11]. Bismuth borate glasses have shown healthier radiation protection ability than lead glass and steel–magnetite concrete [13].
The addition of high-density oxides such as PbO, Bi2O3, and WO3 to the matrix material enhances the shielding ability of this material due to the large atomic number of Pb, Bi, and W elements [14]. Although the Bi+3 ion has a large density and effective atomic number, it is not yet possible to synthesize glass using individual Bi+3 ions. However, glass with added Bi2O3 is considered one of the most important radiation protective materials [15]. Onuoha et al. researched the mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene composites filled with periwinkle powder. It was found that periwinkle shell powder enhanced the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and hardness of polypropylene composites [16]. In 2022, Abdolahzadeh et al. investigated the shielding and mechanical properties of HDPE containing nano-tungsten oxide, bismuth oxide, and barium sulfate. The results confirmed that the value of LAC increased with the increase in the amount of filler used [17]. Very recently, in 2020, Lun et al. investigated the tensile properties of polyethylene composites containing geological kaolin as fillers. The obtained results specified that 8% kaolin filler provided the highest tensile properties [18].
Moreover, due to the low rates of crystallization, non-toxicity, high radioactive resistance, large optical basicity, high third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, high polarizability, long infrared cut-off wavelengths, and moisture resistance, Bi2O3-containing glass (as a replacement of PbO) are utilized for radiation shielding purposes [19,20,21,22,23]. In fabrics, adding bismuth oxide as the replacement of lead boosts the shielding ability to counter X-rays [3]. That is why the purpose of this research study was to develop the shielding ability of HDPE by accumulating Bi2O3 into it by taking into account the measuring values of the LAC, HVL, MFP, and Zeff shielding parameters in the energy range from 0.015 MeV to 15 MeV. Additionally, for validating the experimental setup, the values of the linear attenuation coefficients of the prepared high-density polyethylene measured using an HPGe detector were coordinated with the theoretical results obtained using Phy-X software. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, these compositional HDPE systems have not been previously assessed.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Preparation

A quantity of high-density polyethylene was obtained from Sidi Kerir Petrochemicals Company, weighed with a 0.0001 g sensitive scale, and placed in a thermal mill at an effective temperature of 140 °C, where the melting point of polyethylene is 130 °C. The mill was operated at a rotation speed of 40 revolutions per minute (rpm) for a period of one-third of an hour. Powdered bismuth oxide was purchased from Al-Gomhoria Chemicals Company in Egypt with a purity of 98.7% and was filtered using a sieve having a diameter of 50 µm. After making sure that high-density polyethylene was completely melted, powdered bismuth oxide was gradually added to the specific amounts presented in Table 1, and to ensure that the mixture had become completely homogeneous, rotation was performed for a quarter of an hour. Then, the mixture was placed in a mold with dimensions of 125 × 125 × 30 mm, and the samples were pressed with a hydraulic heat press at a pressure of 10 MPa and a temperature of 200 °C for a quarter of an hour; the pressure was gradually increased to 20 MPa for another quarter of an hour. It remained under pressure to gradually cool using water at 20 °C, and at the end, the prepared sample was taken and cut into suitable discs to measure its shielding efficiency [24,25,26]. Figure 1 shows a picture of the prepared bismuth oxide containing high-density polyethylene. All experimental works were performed at Plastic Technology Center in Victoria, Egypt.

2.2. Morphological Test

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the microstructure of bismuth-injected high-density polyethylene samples to obtain the characterization of the samples. A JSM-5300 JEOL microscope was used [27].

2.3. Gamma Attenuation Test

An HPGe detector and three radioactive point sources were used to test the shielding parameters of the HDPE-Bi2O3 samples (see Figure 2). The details for the experimental measurement are given in References [28,29].
The experimental linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was determined using the following equation [30,31]:
LAC = 1 t   l n N 0 N
The experimental results of the LACs of the HDPE-Bi2O3 samples were compared with the results obtained using Phy-X software [27]. The MFP and HVL were calculated based on LAC calculations [32,33,34,35,36,37].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Morphological Results

Scanning was performed to know the distribution of bismuth oxide particles within HDPE using the electron microscope, and it was clear that the particles uniformly distributed and that the amount of Bi2O3 increased in the matrix with the increase in the proportion of particles, as shown in Figure 3. The higher the percentage of filler particles (Bi2O3) was, the more uniformed the distribution of particles inside the polymer was; therefore, the rate of photon collision with the material was higher due to the gaps being filled by Bi2O3 particles, and consequently, the attenuation of the incident photons was higher. We could conclude that the addition of bismuth particles improved the shielding properties of HDPE.

3.2. Gamma Attenuation Results

In this study, HDPEBi-10 (10 wt% Bi2O3), HDPEBi-20 (20 wt% Bi2O3−), HDPEBi-30 (30 wt% Bi2O3), HDPEBi-40 (40 wt% Bi2O3), and HDPEBi-50 (50 wt% Bi2O3) HDPE systems were prepared by adding Bi2O3 to HDPEBi-0 (pure HDPE). To compare the experimental results (obtained using HPGe) with the theoretical results (obtained using Phy-X software), the linear attenuation coefficients were measured in the lab at four different energies; their graphical representation is presented in Figure 4. The aim of this comparison was to validate the setup in this study, i.e., to check the accuracy of the experimental results. It is very clear from Figure 4 that from 0.06 MeV to 1.333 MeV, all the experimental values were in line with Phy-X software data, which validated the research setup.
We calculated the LACs in a wide energy range to examine the behavior of the LACs at higher energies (see Figure 5). For all studied energies, the LAC values of the HDPE systems (containing Bi2O3) followed the following declining trend: HDPEBi-50 > HDPEBi-40 > HDPEBi-30 > HDPEBi-20 > HDPEBi-10. At all energy values E < 0.3 MeV, the HDPE systems supplemented with Bi2O3 showed higher LAC values. At the energy of 0.015 MeV, the values of the LACs of all studied HDPE systems were as follows: HDPEBi-0, 0.71 cm−1; HDPEBi-10, 11.7 cm−1; HDPEBi-20, 25 cm−1; HDPEBi-30, 41.6 cm−1; HDPEBi-40, 62.8 cm−1; and HDPEBi-40, 90.8 cm−1. HDPE system HDPEBi-50 (50 wt% Bi2O3) showed the highest LAC value compared with the other HDPE systems, which indicated that a higher amount of Bi2O3 in pure HDPE boosted the radiation shielding ability.
HDPEBi-0, HDPEBi-10, HDPEBi-20, HDPEBi-30, HDPEBi-40, and HDPEBi-50 were HDPE series with diverse concentrations of Bi2O3, and the discrepancies among the assessed Zeff values are presented as functions of the photon energy in Figure 6a. The values of Zeff lay in the ranges of 4–3, 42–3, 57–3, 65–4, 70–4, and 74–5, respectively. The maximum values of the effective atomic number (Zeff) originated at the low energy of 0.015 MeV and were 4, 40, 55, 63, 69, and 73 for the studied HDPE series (HDPEBi-0, HDPEBi-10, HDPEBi-20, HDPEBi-30, HDPEBi-40, and HDPEBi-50, respectively). Yet, the Zeff values of all studied HDPE systems followed a similar trend after Bi2O3 contamination, and HDPEBi-50 showed the highest Zeff value, whereas HDPEBi-10 showed the lowest Zeff value. Here, HDPEBi-10, HDPEBi-20, HDPEBi-30, HDPEBi-40, and HDPEBi-50 showed values 9, 13, 15, 16, and 17 times greater than that of HDPEBi-0 at the energy of 0.015 MeV thanks to the addition of Bi2O3 at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt% to HDPE. For energy values in the range of 0.02–0.08 MeV, Zeff decreased and rapidly came down. It was clear that a higher amount of Bi2O3 increased the Zeff value of HDPE. An exponential decrease was found for the energy range of 0.1–0.6 MeV; however, in the 1–15 MeV energy range, the effective atomic number (Zeff) sharply increased. In the energy range of 2–15 MeV, HDPEBi-10, HDPEBi-20, HDPEBi-30, HDPEBi-40, and HDPEBi-50 showed values 1.2, 1.5, 1.9, 2.4, and 3.0 times greater than that of HDPEBi-0. Here, the minimum values were seen at an energy of 1.5 MeV, and the values were 2.7, 2.9, 3.2, 3.6, 4.1, and 4.8 for the studied HDPE series, respectively (see Figure 6b).
In Figure 7, the HVL values are plotted for the pure HDPE means without Bi2O3 (HDPEBi-0) and HDPE containing 10–50% Bi2O3 (HDPEBi-10, HDPEBi-20, HDPEBi-30, HDPEBi-40, and HDPEBi-50). The figure shows that the HVL of the studied samples increased with the increase in energy (this was correct for all compositions). From Figure 7, it is very clear that sample HDPEBi-0 showed an HVL value 1.7 times greater than that of HDPEBi-50 at the energy of 1.333 MeV, but at 0.0595 MeV, it was 23 times greater. That means that at very low energy values, HDPE containing 10–50% Bi2O3 could be used for protection from hazardous radiation, but with the increase in energy, the thickness of HDPE must be increased in order to obtain suitable protection from the high energy of radiation. It was revealed that at any fixed energy, the HVL decreased with the addition of Bi2O3 in HDPE. Pure HDPE showed a higher HVL than the other studied HDPE samples containing Bi2O3. Moreover, HDPEBi-50, with the highest content (50 wt%) of Bi2O3, showed the lowest HVL value. Thus, all studied HDPE samples containing Bi2O3 showed better radiation shielding competence than pure HDPE. Hence, it was clear that Bi2O3 addition was the cause of the reduction in the thickness of the HDPE samples that could attenuate the photon incidence.
To validate the efficacies of pure HDPE (without Bi2O3) and of the HDPE (with 10–50% Bi2O3) systems, the mean free path (MFP) values were examined herein for identifying the radiation shielding ability and the gained MFP fallouts for the pure and contaminated HDPE systems against photon energy, as demonstrated in Figure 8. This figure shows that Bi2O3-containing HDPE systems (HDPEBi-10, HDPEBi-20, HDPEBi-30, HDPEBi-40, and HDPEBi-50) showed lower MFP values than pure HDPE at the low energy levels of 0.0595 MeV and 0.0810 MeV. This provided the suggestion that these HDPE systems with the apt addition of Bi2O3 showed proficiency as radiation shielding materials. It is eminent that lower MFP values designate a healthier radiation shielding ability in any absorbing material. The MFP values of the HDPE systems ranked as follows: HDPEBi-50 < HDPEBi-40 < HDPEBi-30 < HDPEBi-20 < HDPEBi-10 < HDPEBi-0. The MFP values of HDPE systems HDPEBi-0, HDPEBi-10, HDPEBi-20, HDPEBi-30, and HDPEBi-40 were found to be 1.7, 1.6, 1.4, 1.3, and 1.2 times higher than that of HDPEBi-50 against Co-60 gamma irradiation. HDPE system HDPEBi-50 (50 wt% Bi2O3) had the lowermost MFP value among the other HDPE systems; hence, we could conclude that the radiation shielding features of the HDPE systems improved with the addition of Bi2O3.

4. Conclusions

Very few data on HDPE exist in terms of radiation shielding purposes, even though HDPE is extensively used worldwide. Hence, various amounts of Bi2O3 in HDPE were studied to identify its radiation shielding capability. The values of the linear attenuation coefficients obtained using Phy-X software and an HPGe detector were compared to ensure the sample preparation was consistent. The Zeff maximum values originated at the low energy of 0.015 MeV and were 4, 40, 55, 63, 69, and 73 for the studied HDPE series, i.e., HDPEBi-0, HDPEBi-10, HDPEBi-20, HDPEBi-30, HDPEBi-40, and HDPEBi-50, respectively. HDPEBi-50 showed the highest Zeff value, whereas HDPEBi-10 showed the lowest Zeff value. Here, HDPEBi-10, HDPEBi-20, HDPEBi-30, HDPEBi-40, and HDPEBi-50 showed values 9, 13, 15, 16, and 17 times greater than that of HDPEBi-0 at the energy of 0.015 MeV. The MFP values of the HDPE systems ranked in the following order: HDPEBi-50 < HDPEBi-40 < HDPEBi-30 < HDPEBi-20 < HDPEBi-10 < HDPEBi-0. The MFP values of HDPE systems HDPEBi-0, HDPEBi-10, HDPEBi-20, HDPEBi-30, and HDPEBi-40 were found to be 1.7, 1.6, 1.4, 1.3, and 1.2-times higher than of HDPEBi-50 against Co-60 gamma irradiation. In the energy range of 0.015 MeV to 15 MeV, HDPE systems showed greater shielding ability according to their higher contents of Bi2O3.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.E.; Data curation, A.H.A.; Funding acquisition, A.H.A. and S.Y.; Investigation, M.I.S.; Methodology, M.E.; Project administration, A.H.A.; Resources, S.Y.; Software, M.I.S.; Supervision, M.I.S.; Validation, M.I.S.; Writing—original draft, S.Y.; Writing—review and editing, M.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2022R2), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data are within this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors express their gratitude to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2022R2), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Materials 15 06410 g001 550
Figure 1. Picture of prepared bismuth oxide containing high-density polyethylene.
Figure 1. Picture of prepared bismuth oxide containing high-density polyethylene.
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Figure 2. Illustration of setup of the experimental work.
Figure 2. Illustration of setup of the experimental work.
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Figure 3. SEM images of different prepared HDPE-Bi2O3 samples.
Figure 3. SEM images of different prepared HDPE-Bi2O3 samples.
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Materials 15 06410 g004 550
Figure 4. Linear attenuation coefficients of all prepared samples at different energies according to experimental and Phy-X results.
Figure 4. Linear attenuation coefficients of all prepared samples at different energies according to experimental and Phy-X results.
Materials 15 06410 g004
Materials 15 06410 g005 550
Figure 5. Linear attenuation coefficients of all HDPE systems at different energies according to PHY-X.
Figure 5. Linear attenuation coefficients of all HDPE systems at different energies according to PHY-X.
Materials 15 06410 g005
Materials 15 06410 g006 550
Figure 6. (a) Brief presentation of effective atomic numbers as functions of photon energy. (b) Detailed presentation of Zeff as functions of photon energy.
Figure 6. (a) Brief presentation of effective atomic numbers as functions of photon energy. (b) Detailed presentation of Zeff as functions of photon energy.
Materials 15 06410 g006
Materials 15 06410 g007 550
Figure 7. Half-value layer values as functions of photon energy (experimental results).
Figure 7. Half-value layer values as functions of photon energy (experimental results).
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Materials 15 06410 g008 550
Figure 8. Mean free paths for all prepared samples at different energies.
Figure 8. Mean free paths for all prepared samples at different energies.
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Table
Table 1. Codes, chemical compositions, and densities of HDPE-Bi2O3 composites.
Table 1. Codes, chemical compositions, and densities of HDPE-Bi2O3 composites.
CodeComposition (wt%)Density
(g/cm3)
HDPEBi2O3
HDPEBi-0100-0.959 ± 0.005
HDPEBi-1090101.053 ± 0.004
HDPEBi-2080201.167 ± 0.009
HDPEBi-3070301.310 ± 0.006
HDPEBi-4060401.491 ± 0.003
HDPEBi-5050501.731 ± 0.008
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Almuqrin, A.H.; Elsafi, M.; Yasmin, S.; Sayyed, M.I. Morphological and Gamma-Ray Attenuation Properties of High-Density Polyethylene Containing Bismuth Oxide. Materials 2022, 15, 6410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186410

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Almuqrin AH, Elsafi M, Yasmin S, Sayyed MI. Morphological and Gamma-Ray Attenuation Properties of High-Density Polyethylene Containing Bismuth Oxide. Materials. 2022; 15(18):6410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186410

Chicago/Turabian Style

Almuqrin, Aljawhara H., Mohamed Elsafi, Sabina Yasmin, and M. I. Sayyed. 2022. "Morphological and Gamma-Ray Attenuation Properties of High-Density Polyethylene Containing Bismuth Oxide" Materials 15, no. 18: 6410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186410

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