Geotechnical Engineering Properties of Cement Fly Ash Gravel Mixtures for Application as Column-Supported Highway and Railway Embankments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Specimen Preparations
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Density and Porosity
- Md = dry mass of the specimen (kg)
- Vavg = average volume of the sample (m3)
- Msub = submerged mass of the specimen (kg)
- ρw = density of water at temperature of the water bath (kg/m3)
2.3.2. Permeability Coefficient
- k = permeability coefficient of the CFG sample (cm/s)
- a = area of the cylindrical tube (cm2)
- A = area of the specimen (cm2)
- L = length of the sample (cm)
- t = time for water to pass from level h1 to h2 (s) through the tube
2.3.3. Unconfined Compression and Splitting Tension Tests
2.3.4. Triaxial Compression Test
- τ = shear strength (MPa)
- σ = normal stress on the failure plane (MPa)
- c = cohesion of the CFG specimen (MPa)
- φ = internal friction angle of the CFG specimen (degree)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Porosity
3.2. Density
3.3. Permeability Coefficient
3.4. Unconfined Compressive Strength
3.5. Elasticity Modulus
3.6. Splitting Tensile Strength
3.7. Cohesion and Internal Friction Angle
3.8. Failure Modes of the CFG Sample
4. Conclusions
- Porosity is the primary factor governing the geotechnical properties of the CFG mixtures. The gravel size and cement significantly influenced the porosity–fly ash paste properties, depending on the curing period and fly ash content. The gravel containing a wide size range had the best particle packing, resulting in minor porosity and high strength.
- The CFG mixtures had much higher permeability than the soil-cement columns
- The unconfined compressive strength and cohesion of the CFG mixture are 3–13 times greater than that of the soil-cement column. By contrast, the internal friction angle of the CFG mixture is similar to the granular pile or stone column.
- The cohesion and unconfined compressive strength characteristics are similar because these shear strength parameters are related to the internal bonds of cement–fly ash paste in the CFG mixtures. By contrast, the internal friction angle characteristics depend on the overall friction of the materials used in the CFG mixtures.
- The CFG column capacity and CFG column-improved soft clay can be more than the stone column due to the high cohesion and friction angle of the CFG mixtures, which is higher than the soil-cement column with its zero-friction angle.
- The cement replacement with 15% fly ash indicated the greatest strength and minor Porosity since 15% fly ash contributed the best void filling and proper portions of silicon dioxide and calcium hydroxide to produce a considerable amount of hydration and pozzolanic reaction products to fill the voids.
- Using a cement fly ash gravel column for supporting embankments constructed on soft clay was more effective than using a soil-cement column and granular pile to enhance column-bearing capacity and the overall stability, reduce settlement and accelerate the consolidation process of the improved soft clay due to higher strength, stiffness, and permeability of fly ash gravel columns.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Cement | Fly ash |
---|---|---|
(%) | (%) | |
CaO | 62.81 | 17.85 |
SiO2 | 21.20 | 37.34 |
Al2O3 | 4.95 | 18.63 |
Fe2O3 | 2.82 | 13.17 |
Other | 8.22 | 13.01 |
Test Description | SL | MG | LG |
---|---|---|---|
4.76–9.51 mm | 4.76–12.70 mm | 9.51–12.70 mm | |
Absorption (%) | 1.41 | 1.47 | 1.62 |
Specific gravity | 2.61 | 2.61 | 2.61 |
Bulk specific gravity | 2.26 | 2.29 | 2.23 |
Bulk density (kg/m3) | 1535 | 1562 | 1505 |
Los Angeles abrasion (%) | 17.5 | 16.2 | 15.4 |
Designation | SG | LG | Cement | Fly ash | Water | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(g) | (g) | (%) | (g) | (%) | (g) | (g) | |
SG-F0 | 400 | - | 100 | 88.0 | 0 | - | 28.16 |
SG-F5 | 400 | - | 95 | 83.6 | 5 | 4.4 | |
SG-F10 | 400 | - | 90 | 79.2 | 10 | 8.8 | |
SG-F15 | 400 | - | 85 | 74.8 | 15 | 13.2 | |
SG-F20 | 400 | - | 80 | 70.4 | 20 | 17.6 | |
SG-F25 | 400 | - | 75 | 66.0 | 25 | 22.0 | |
LG-F0 | - | 400 | 100 | 88.0 | 0 | - | |
LG-F5 | - | 400 | 95 | 83.6 | 5 | 4.4 | |
LG-F10 | - | 400 | 90 | 79.2 | 10 | 8.8 | |
LG-F15 | - | 400 | 85 | 74.8 | 15 | 13.2 | |
LG-F20 | - | 400 | 80 | 70.4 | 20 | 17.6 | |
LG-F25 | - | 400 | 75 | 66.0 | 25 | 22.0 | |
MG-F0 | 200 | 200 | 100 | 88.0 | 0 | - | |
MG-F5 | 200 | 200 | 95 | 83.6 | 5 | 4.4 | |
MG-F10 | 200 | 200 | 90 | 79.2 | 10 | 8.8 | |
MG-F15 | 200 | 200 | 85 | 74.8 | 15 | 13.2 | |
MG-F20 | 200 | 200 | 80 | 70.4 | 20 | 17.6 | |
MG-F25 | 200 | 200 | 75 | 66.0 | 25 | 22.0 |
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Jongpradist, P.; Krairan, K.; Jamsawang, P.; Chen, X. Geotechnical Engineering Properties of Cement Fly Ash Gravel Mixtures for Application as Column-Supported Highway and Railway Embankments. Materials 2022, 15, 3972. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113972
Jongpradist P, Krairan K, Jamsawang P, Chen X. Geotechnical Engineering Properties of Cement Fly Ash Gravel Mixtures for Application as Column-Supported Highway and Railway Embankments. Materials. 2022; 15(11):3972. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113972
Chicago/Turabian StyleJongpradist, Pornkasem, Krissakorn Krairan, Pitthaya Jamsawang, and Xiaobin Chen. 2022. "Geotechnical Engineering Properties of Cement Fly Ash Gravel Mixtures for Application as Column-Supported Highway and Railway Embankments" Materials 15, no. 11: 3972. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113972