Comparison of Properties of Hardfaced Layers Made by a Metal-Core-Covered Tubular Electrode with a Special Chemical Composition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedures
2.1. Aim of the Study
- Comparable geometric properties, i.e., shape, surface waviness, and surface roughness;
- Lack of unacceptable welding defects;
- Hardfaced layer thickness ≥3 mm;
- Base plate thickness ≥5 mm;
- Suitably low base material content in the hardfaced layer.
- Wear test (Procedure A);
- Mass loss during wear test determination;
- Reference sample and the examined surface layers density determination;
- Calculation of relative wear resistance;
- Hardness test of the working surface of plates;
- Comparison of the microstructure of the layers;
- Determination of the linear correlation coefficient between the mean layer hardness and wear resistance of the examined composite plates’ surface layers.
2.2. Materials’ Characterization
2.3. Methodology of Research
2.3.1. Nondestructive Testing: Visual Testing
2.3.2. Hardness Measurements
2.3.3. Abrasive Wear Test
- Grooving related to plastic deformation of the contact areas and upset of the material on both sides of the furrow (F1/F2 = 1);
- Microcutting (F1/F2 = 0);
- Scratching when the material was partially plastically deformed and partially cut, (0 ≤ F1/F2 ≤ 1), Figure 5.
2.3.4. Metallographic Examination and X-ray Diffraction Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Nondestructive Testing: Visual Testing Results
3.2. Hardness Measurements Test Results
3.3. Abrasive Wear Test Results
3.4. Metallographic Test Results and Results of the X-ray Diffraction Analysis
3.5. Linear Regression Model
4. Conclusions
- The layers of commercially produced, arc-hardfaced, additional modern materials from alloy group T Fe16 composite wear-resistant plates possess higher hardness and abrasive wear resistance compared to conventional chromium carbide overlay (CCO) wear plates with layers hardfaced with alloys from the T Fe15 group. The higher wear resistance of the CastoDur Diamond Plate® 4695, Vecalloy 752 Plate®, and PHWP plates results from the higher volume fraction and dispersion of more uniform, finer, and harder precipitations in the matrix. For chromium carbide overlay (CCO) wear plates with layers hardfaced with alloys from the T Fe15 group, the more malleable metal matrix was subjected to more intensive wear from abrasive interaction. This revealed brittle carbides, causing cracking and ripping of the carbides, promoting further degradation of the matrix. The type, size, and dispersion of strengthening phases further impact abrasive wear resistance.
- The metallographic examination and X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that layers hardfaced with alloys from the T Fe15 group have microstructures composed mostly of primary M7C3 carbides uniformly distributed in the Fe-Cr-C-type matrix, with occasional harder NbC-type carbides. The microstructure of the layers hardfaced with alloys from the T Fe16 group was more complex and consisted of ultrahard complex borocarbides M23(BC)6, MC metal carbides, M2B metal borides, or nearly cubic complex Mo2B molybdenum borides, Cr7C3 primary chromium carbides, Cr23C6 eutectic chromium carbides, and Nb6C5 niobium carbides densely distributed in a martensitic matrix.
- The metal-mineral abrasion resistance of layers made by the covered tubular electrode with an innovative chemical composition of metal core is equal to the plate made in the FCAW-SS process with the cored electrode wire EnDOtec DO*395N, which, according to the manufacturer, allows obtaining a nanostructured weld metal.
- The obtained results suggest the high linear relationship between an increase in surface hardness increase and an increase in the metal-mineral abrasive resistance of the wear-resistant plates’ hardfaced layers. The developed linear regression model will be applied in real-time wear prediction systems for wear plates and liners. It is worth noting that no factors, such as the type and chemical composition of the additional material, distribution, and geometric properties of the strengthening phase, were considered.
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name of the Hardfacing Wear Plate | Group of Alloy in Accordance with EN 14700 [30] Element Contents Hardfacing Technology Typical Applications and Industry |
---|---|
Hardplate™ 100S | T Fe15 C (5.0%), Cr (27.0%), Mn (1.5%), Si (1.5%), Fe (Balance) Self-shielded flux-cored arc welding (FCAW-SS) Applications: mill shell liners, dump truck bin liners, skid protection on loader buckets, and grinding components Industry: cement, mining, power, ceramic, transport, construction |
Alphachrom 7000 | T Fe15 C (5.4%), Cr (27.0%), Mn (0.2%), Si (1.3%), Fe (Balance) Self-shielded flux-cored arc welding (FCAW-SS) Applications: chute linings, sieve plates, drum linings, augers, crusher components, mixer linings, and crusher Industry: cement, ceramic, quarries, construction, transport, mining, and power |
Kalmetall W 143 | T Fe15 C (5.0%), Cr (27.0%), Nb (5.0%), Fe (Balance) Self-shielded flux-cored arc welding (FCAW-SS) Applications: screw conveyors, ventilator housings, cyclones, separators, mixer linings, piping components, screens, troughs, and transport channels Industry: cement, ceramic, quarries, construction, transport, mining, and power |
CastoDur Diamond Plate® 1001 | T Fe15 C (xx%), Cr (xx%), B (xx%), Fe (Balance) Self-shielded flux-cored arc welding (FCAW-SS) Applications: crusher hammer-breaker bars, secondary crushers, chutes, earthmoving equipment, bucket parts, conveyor chain-crushers, conveyor screw-mill augers, and road repair equipment Industry: cement, disposal, quarries, construction, mining, paper, and power |
Abradur 64 1 | T Fe15 C (7.0%), Cr (24.0%), Nb (7.0%), Fe (Balance) Manual metal arc welding (MMAW) Applications: cane knives, dozer blades, bucket teeth for excavators, worm wheels, and other mining equipment Industry: cement, quarries, construction, mining, transport, and agriculture |
CastoDur Diamond Plate® 4624 | T Fe15 C (xx%), Cr (xx%), Mn (xx%), Si (xx%), Fe (Balance) 3 Self-shielded flux-cored arc welding (FCAW-SS) Applications: fan blades and housings, cyclones, pipe, and pipe elbows Industry: cement, steel, utilities, oil and sand mining, waste and recycling, pulp and paper |
HCCr | T Fe15 C (4.8%), Cr (32.0%), Mn (1.5%), Si (0.8%), Fe (Balance) Self-shielded flux-cored arc welding (FCAW-SS) Applications: mixer blades and components, pipes, scrapers, and mills Industry: cement, ceramic, power, transport, construction, and agriculture |
CastoDur Diamond Plate® 4666 | T Fe15 C (4.8%), Cr (32.0%), Mn (1.5%), Si (0.8%), B (0.3%), Fe (Balance) Self-shielded flux-cored arc welding (FCAW-SS) Applications: mill linings, pipelines, coal bunker, chain conveyor, bucket, crusher, tans, cyclones, and blast furnace gas systems Industry: power, cement, mining, steel, paper and pulp |
HCNb4B | T Fe15 C (4.5%), Cr (23.0%), Nb (4.5), Mn (1.5%), Si (0.8%), B (0.4%), Fe (Balance) Self-shielded flux-cored arc welding (FCAW-SS) Applications: mixer blades, mills, and chutes Industry: cement, ceramic, power, transport, and construction |
CastoDur Diamond Plate® 4695 | T Fe16 C (5.0%), Cr (20.0%), Mo (10.0%), Nb (10.0%), W (10.0%), Mn (5.0%), B (5.0%), Si (2.0%), Fe (Balance) Flux-cored arc welding gas-shielded (FCAW-GS) Gas mixture type Ar-CO2 Applications: screws, rotor and housing, feeding tube, knives and wear pieces, hammers, fan blades, and separators Industry: waste and recycling, cement, ceramic, power, quarries and mining |
Vecalloy 752 Plate® | T Fe16 C (3.5%), Cr (11.5%), Mo (1.2%), Nb (5.0%), B (4.8%), Fe (Balance) Flux-cored arc welding gas-shielded (FCAW-GS) Argon gas Applications: shaker screens, grader blades and other ground-engaging tools, chute blocks, inner pipe walls, mill liners, slurry pipes, shovel wear packages, cutter rings, primary and secondary crusher teeth, grouser risers, and other mining applications Industry: cement, agriculture, quarries, mining, ceramic, and power |
PHWPPatented hardfacing wear plate 2 | T Fe16 C (5.0%), Cr (23.0%), Mo (xx%), Nb (xx%), Si (xx%), B (xx%), W (xx%), V (xx%), Fe (Balance) 3 Manual metal arc welding (MMA) with patented cover tubular electrode Potential applications: screeners, blast furnace hoppers, extractor fans Industry: iron and steel, power, quarries, and cement |
Name of the Abrasion-Resistant Steel | Steel in Accordance with EN 10029 [32] Element Contents Metal Hardness |
---|---|
Hardox 400 Steel | C (0.32%), Si (0.7%), Mn (1.6%), P (0.025%), S (0.01%), Cr (1.4%), Ni (1.5%), Mo (0.6%), B (0.004%), Fe (Balance) 38–44 HRC (372–435 HV) |
Specimen Designation | Spec. Number | Mass Before Test, g | Mass After Test, g | Mass Loss 1, g | Average Mass Loss, g | Clad Layer Density, g/cm3 | Average Volume Loss, mm3 | Relative Abrasive Wear Resistance 2 | Diluted Weld Metal, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hardplate P100S | p01 p02 | 130.6009 129.6213 | 130.3432 129.4118 | 0.2577 0.2095 | 0.2343 | 7.3229 | 31.9955 | 5.94 | 22.1 |
Alphachrom 7000 | p01 p02 | 157.5045 157.0426 | 157.2484 156.8331 | 0.2561 0.2095 | 0.2328 | 7.4324 | 31.3223 | 6.06 | 25.4 |
KalmetallW 143 | p01 p02 | 91.8884 87.1791 | 91.5677 86.8916 | 0.2575 0.2107 | 0.2341 | 7.4943 | 31.2371 | 6.08 | 23.6 |
CDP 1001 | p01 p02 | 173.3469 178.7772 | 173.1099 178.5833 | 0.2371 0.1940 | 0.2155 | 7.4139 | 29.0670 | 6.53 | 19.1 |
Abradur 64 3 | p01 p02 | 136.2893 139.6675 | 136.0602 139.4800 | 0.22913 0.18747 | 0.2083 | 7.2144 | 28.8728 | 6.58 | 20.7 |
CDP 4624 | p01 p02 | 134.2440 134.0617 | 134.0815 133.8630 | 0.1625 0.1987 | 0.1806 | 7.4191 | 24.3426 | 7.80 | 21.0 |
HCCr | p01 p02 | 172.0538 160.5386 | 171.8583 160.3787 | 0.1955 0.1599 | 0.1777 | 7.4756 | 23.7707 | 7.99 | 22.8 |
CDP 4666 | p01 p02 | 161.9005 164.5962 | 161.7996 164.4729 | 0.1009 0.1233 | 0.1121 | 7.4894 | 14.9678 | 12.69 | 20.7 |
HCNb4B | p01 p02 | 174.3838 176.8729 | 174.2856 176.7529 | 0.0982 0.1200 | 0.1091 | 7.3559 | 14.8316 | 12.81 | 21.3 |
CDP 4695 | p01 p02 | 155.4632 155.8611 | 155.3738 155.7519 | 0.0894 0.1092 | 0.0993 | 7.7208 | 12.8614 | 14.77 | 22.5 |
Vecalloy 752 | p01 p02 | 167.8436 168.2761 | 167.7602 168.2079 | 0.0834 0.0682 | 0.0758 | 7.6816 | 9.8677 | 19.25 | 22.7 |
PHWP 4 | p01 p02 | 161.8431 163.5409 | 161.7440 163.4401 | 0.0991 0.1008 | 0.0999 | 7.7112 | 12.9617 | 14.65 | 17.2 |
Hardox 400 | p01 p02 | 116.2260 116.7526 | 114.7526 115.2773 | 1.4734 1.4753 | 1.4744 | 7.7620 | 189.9510 | 1.00 | - |
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Czupryński, A. Comparison of Properties of Hardfaced Layers Made by a Metal-Core-Covered Tubular Electrode with a Special Chemical Composition. Materials 2020, 13, 5445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235445
Czupryński A. Comparison of Properties of Hardfaced Layers Made by a Metal-Core-Covered Tubular Electrode with a Special Chemical Composition. Materials. 2020; 13(23):5445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235445
Chicago/Turabian StyleCzupryński, Artur. 2020. "Comparison of Properties of Hardfaced Layers Made by a Metal-Core-Covered Tubular Electrode with a Special Chemical Composition" Materials 13, no. 23: 5445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235445