Potential Biogas Production from Artichoke Byproducts in Sardinia, Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Trial
2.2. Plant Material and Crop Management
2.3. Data Collection and Analysis
2.4. Biomethane Potential Testing
2.5. Geo-Database Development at the Regional Scale
District | Denomination (n of Municipalities) | Area (ha) | Cultivar Distribution (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spinoso | Tema | Madrigal | C3 | Violetto | |||
D1 | Coros-Nurra (8) | 2250 | 100 | - | - | - | - |
D2 | Valle del Coghinas-Anglona (3) | 3451 | 95 | 5 | - | - | - |
D3 | Oristano (6) | 1050 | 80 | 10 | 10 | - | - |
D4 | Medio Campidano-Cagliari (4) | 3000 | 60 | - | 5 | 15 | 20 |
D5 | Sulcis (3) | 1000 | 100 | - | - | - | - |
Sardinia Region | 10,751 | 85 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 6 |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Difference between Cultivars
Cultivar | Heads: Yield (t·ha−1) | Byproduct: Yield (t·ha−1) | Byproduct: DM (%) | Byproduct: DOM (%DM) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Madrigal | 30.5 ± 0.06 a | 143.4 ± 0.23 a | 20.7 | 87.9 |
Spinoso sardo | 4.2 ± 0.02 b | 37.0 ± 0.31 b | 17.3 | 84.5 |
C3 | 4.3 ± 0.13 b | 50.0 ± 0.03 c | 22.5 | 87.1 |
Tema | 12.5 ± 0.07 c | 75.5 ± 0.87 d | 21.1 | 89.7 |
Violetto | 3.2 ± 0.02 b | 25.2 ± 0.24 e | 22.1 | 88.1 |
Cultivar | BMP (Nm3·tDOM−1) | |
---|---|---|
A | B | |
Madrigal | 293.9 ± 1.3 a | 292.9 ± 14.5 a, b |
Spinoso sardo | 298.9 ± 5.1 a | 310.5 ± 9.5 b |
C3 | 303.9 ± 2.0 a | 300.3 ± 9.0 a, b |
Tema | 304.0 ± 14.6 a | 306.9 ± 7.1 a, b |
Violetto | 259.9 ± 5.1 b | 265.2 ± 22.1 a |
Cultivar | (Nm3 ha−1) | |
---|---|---|
A | B | |
Madrigal | 7622.3–7714.7 | 7252.4–8033.6 |
Spinoso sardo | 1575.8–1658.1 | 1614.4–1745.3 |
C3 | 2956.5–2999.2 | 2852.7–3032.6 |
Tema | 4087.8–4605.1 | 4234.7–4538.7 |
Violetto | 1238.3–1312.6 | 1181.4–1423.1 |
3.2. Regional Assessment
Districts | Biomethane (106 Nm3) |
---|---|
D1 | 3.5–3.9 |
D2 | 5.9–6.5 |
D3 | 2.6–2.8 |
D4 | 6.0–6.6 |
D5 | 1.6–1.7 |
Sardinia Region | 19.6–21.5 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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De Menna, F.; Malagnino, R.A.; Vittuari, M.; Molari, G.; Seddaiu, G.; Deligios, P.A.; Solinas, S.; Ledda, L. Potential Biogas Production from Artichoke Byproducts in Sardinia, Italy. Energies 2016, 9, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9020092
De Menna F, Malagnino RA, Vittuari M, Molari G, Seddaiu G, Deligios PA, Solinas S, Ledda L. Potential Biogas Production from Artichoke Byproducts in Sardinia, Italy. Energies. 2016; 9(2):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9020092
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Menna, Fabio, Remo Alessio Malagnino, Matteo Vittuari, Giovanni Molari, Giovanna Seddaiu, Paola A. Deligios, Stefania Solinas, and Luigi Ledda. 2016. "Potential Biogas Production from Artichoke Byproducts in Sardinia, Italy" Energies 9, no. 2: 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9020092