The Gap Between Theoretical and Realized Energy Savings from Dishwasher Energy-Efficiency Labeling in China: A Dual-Sided Framework

Wang, Rui; Liang, Xiuying; Bai, Xue; Shao, Jiajia; Cheng, Jianhong

doi:10.3390/en19184424

Open AccessArticle

The Gap Between Theoretical and Realized Energy Savings from Dishwasher Energy-Efficiency Labeling in China: A Dual-Sided Framework

by

Rui Wang

,

Xiuying Liang

^*,

Xue Bai

,

Jiajia Shao

and

Jianhong Cheng

China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Energies 2026, 19(18), 4424; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184424 (registering DOI)

Submission received: 7 August 2026 / Revised: 12 September 2026 / Accepted: 17 September 2026 / Published: 18 September 2026

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Dimensions of Sustainable Household Energy Consumption)

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Abstract

Energy-efficiency labeling may yield lower savings than engineering estimates suggest because market uptake is constrained by consumers and enterprises. This study aims to quantify this gap for dishwasher energy-efficiency labeling in China, identify the binding constraint, and assess its recoverable share. A logistic stock-flow model estimates theoretical savings under GB 38383-2019, while surveys of 199 consumers and 191 enterprises parameterize a dual-sided indicator system. Assuming that consumer and enterprise capacities are non-substitutable, a weakest-link model and scenario simulations estimate realized and recoverable savings. Theoretical savings reach 20.26 TWh by 2030, but only 55.9% (11.33 TWh) is realizable, leaving an 8.94 TWh gap. Consumer-side capacity (0.559) is lower than enterprise-side capacity (0.657), mainly because of experience-related barriers. The highest-intensity bilateral scenario recovers 33.0% of the gap and raises the realization rate to 70.4%. Thus, stricter standards alone cannot ensure realized savings; policies should prioritize consumer experience and label accessibility alongside enterprise compliance.

Keywords: energy efficiency labeling; implementation gap; dual-sided constraint; policy scenario simulation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, R.; Liang, X.; Bai, X.; Shao, J.; Cheng, J. The Gap Between Theoretical and Realized Energy Savings from Dishwasher Energy-Efficiency Labeling in China: A Dual-Sided Framework. Energies 2026, 19, 4424. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184424

AMA Style

Wang R, Liang X, Bai X, Shao J, Cheng J. The Gap Between Theoretical and Realized Energy Savings from Dishwasher Energy-Efficiency Labeling in China: A Dual-Sided Framework. Energies. 2026; 19(18):4424. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184424

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Rui, Xiuying Liang, Xue Bai, Jiajia Shao, and Jianhong Cheng. 2026. "The Gap Between Theoretical and Realized Energy Savings from Dishwasher Energy-Efficiency Labeling in China: A Dual-Sided Framework" Energies 19, no. 18: 4424. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184424

APA Style

Wang, R., Liang, X., Bai, X., Shao, J., & Cheng, J. (2026). The Gap Between Theoretical and Realized Energy Savings from Dishwasher Energy-Efficiency Labeling in China: A Dual-Sided Framework. Energies, 19(18), 4424. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184424

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The Gap Between Theoretical and Realized Energy Savings from Dishwasher Energy-Efficiency Labeling in China: A Dual-Sided Framework

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