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Energies
Volume 19
Issue 11
10.3390/en19112647
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Energy Efficiency and Disinfection Performance of Plasma-Pulse Water Treatment by High-Voltage Underwater Spark Discharge

by
Kulzhan M. Shaimerdenova
1,2,
Nazgul K. Tanasheva
1,2,*,
Saule E. Sakipova
1,2,
Saniya E. Suleimenova
1,2,
Akerke Rakhmankyzy
1,2,
Nurgul N. Shuyushbayeva
3,
Ingkar E. Aldabergen
4,
Aizhan K. Salkeyeva
4 and
Arailym D. Bozayeva
3
1
Department of Engineering Thermophysics, E.A. Buketov Karaganda National Research University, Karaganda 100024, Kazakhstan
2
Scientific Research Center “Alternative Energy”, E.A. Buketov Karaganda National Research University, Karaganda 100024, Kazakhstan
3
Department of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Sh. Ualikhanov Kokshetau University, Kokshetau 020000, Kazakhstan
4
Department of Physics, Abylkas Saginov Karaganda Technical University, Karaganda 100027, Kazakhstan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2026, 19(11), 2647; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19112647 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 31 March 2026 / Revised: 19 May 2026 / Accepted: 26 May 2026 / Published: 30 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Plasma-pulse water treatment using a high-voltage underwater spark discharge is a reagent-free approach with potential for simultaneous disinfection and physicochemical modification of water. In this study, a laboratory-scale recirculating reactor (Vtot = 10 L) equipped with a storage capacitor of C = 0.25 μF was operated at U = 15–30 kV and a pulse repetition frequency of about 1.8 Hz to evaluate disinfection performance and system-level energy characteristics for two water matrices, surface wastewater and tap water. The corresponding calculated capacitor-stored energy ranged from 28.1 to 112.5 J per pulse. Microbiological and physicochemical measurements were performed in triplicate. At U = 30 kV, the total microbial count in wastewater decreased from approximately 1 × 105 CFU/mL to below the method detection limit (LOD = 1 CFU/mL) within 2–3 min. For the 2 min/10 L operating mode, the system-level specific energy input was estimated at 6.7 kWh/m3. During the initial treatment period, temperature-compensated conductivity (σ25) decreased by 3–8%, depending on the water matrix, and then increased with prolonged treatment. These results show that the tested reactor can provide rapid reagent-free reduction in culturable microflora under the studied conditions. However, plasma-pulse treatment should be regarded primarily as an advanced treatment, polishing, or pre-treatment option for complex water matrices rather than as a universal replacement for conventional large-volume disinfection technologies.
Keywords: plasma-pulse treatment; underwater spark discharge; electrohydraulic effect; reagent-free water treatment; energy efficiency; water disinfection; specific energy input; electrical conductivity; wastewater treatment plasma-pulse treatment; underwater spark discharge; electrohydraulic effect; reagent-free water treatment; energy efficiency; water disinfection; specific energy input; electrical conductivity; wastewater treatment

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Shaimerdenova, K.M.; Tanasheva, N.K.; Sakipova, S.E.; Suleimenova, S.E.; Rakhmankyzy, A.; Shuyushbayeva, N.N.; Aldabergen, I.E.; Salkeyeva, A.K.; Bozayeva, A.D. Energy Efficiency and Disinfection Performance of Plasma-Pulse Water Treatment by High-Voltage Underwater Spark Discharge. Energies 2026, 19, 2647. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19112647

AMA Style

Shaimerdenova KM, Tanasheva NK, Sakipova SE, Suleimenova SE, Rakhmankyzy A, Shuyushbayeva NN, Aldabergen IE, Salkeyeva AK, Bozayeva AD. Energy Efficiency and Disinfection Performance of Plasma-Pulse Water Treatment by High-Voltage Underwater Spark Discharge. Energies. 2026; 19(11):2647. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19112647

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shaimerdenova, Kulzhan M., Nazgul K. Tanasheva, Saule E. Sakipova, Saniya E. Suleimenova, Akerke Rakhmankyzy, Nurgul N. Shuyushbayeva, Ingkar E. Aldabergen, Aizhan K. Salkeyeva, and Arailym D. Bozayeva. 2026. "Energy Efficiency and Disinfection Performance of Plasma-Pulse Water Treatment by High-Voltage Underwater Spark Discharge" Energies 19, no. 11: 2647. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19112647

APA Style

Shaimerdenova, K. M., Tanasheva, N. K., Sakipova, S. E., Suleimenova, S. E., Rakhmankyzy, A., Shuyushbayeva, N. N., Aldabergen, I. E., Salkeyeva, A. K., & Bozayeva, A. D. (2026). Energy Efficiency and Disinfection Performance of Plasma-Pulse Water Treatment by High-Voltage Underwater Spark Discharge. Energies, 19(11), 2647. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19112647

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