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Volume 19
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Article

An Adaptive Inertia and Damping Control Strategy for Virtual Synchronous Generators to Enhance Transient Performance

by
Wenzuo Tang
1,
Bo Li
1,
Xianqi Shao
1,
Yun Ye
1,
Yue Yu
1 and
Jiawei Chen
2,*
1
State Grid Chongqing Economic Research Institute, Chongqing 401120, China
2
School of Automation, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2026, 19(1), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010204
Submission received: 2 December 2025 / Revised: 25 December 2025 / Accepted: 29 December 2025 / Published: 30 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Modeling, Operation and Control of Sustainable Energy Systems)
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Abstract

Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology introduces synthetic rotational inertia and damping into inverter-based systems, thereby enhancing regulation performance under grid-connected operation. However, the output characteristics of VSGs are strongly influenced by virtual inertia and damping. This paper develops a self-tuning inertia–damping coordination mechanism for VSGs. The coupling between virtual inertia and damping with respect to grid power quality is systematically investigated, and a power-angle dynamic response model for synchronous generators (SGs) under extreme operating conditions is established. Building on these results, an improved adaptive control strategy for the VSG’s virtual inertia and damping is proposed. The proposed strategy detects changes in frequency and load power, enabling adaptive tuning of virtual inertia and damping in response to system variations, thereby reducing frequency overshoot while accelerating the dynamic response. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated by hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulations.
Keywords: virtual synchronous generator; adaptive inertia and damping control; transient performance virtual synchronous generator; adaptive inertia and damping control; transient performance

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tang, W.; Li, B.; Shao, X.; Ye, Y.; Yu, Y.; Chen, J. An Adaptive Inertia and Damping Control Strategy for Virtual Synchronous Generators to Enhance Transient Performance. Energies 2026, 19, 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010204

AMA Style

Tang W, Li B, Shao X, Ye Y, Yu Y, Chen J. An Adaptive Inertia and Damping Control Strategy for Virtual Synchronous Generators to Enhance Transient Performance. Energies. 2026; 19(1):204. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010204

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tang, Wenzuo, Bo Li, Xianqi Shao, Yun Ye, Yue Yu, and Jiawei Chen. 2026. "An Adaptive Inertia and Damping Control Strategy for Virtual Synchronous Generators to Enhance Transient Performance" Energies 19, no. 1: 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010204

APA Style

Tang, W., Li, B., Shao, X., Ye, Y., Yu, Y., & Chen, J. (2026). An Adaptive Inertia and Damping Control Strategy for Virtual Synchronous Generators to Enhance Transient Performance. Energies, 19(1), 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010204

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