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Article

Enhanced Three-Phase Inverter Control: Robust Sliding Mode Control with Washout Filter for Low Harmonics

by
Fredy E. Hoyos
1,*,
John E. Candelo-Becerra
1,* and
Alejandro Rincón
2,3,*
1
Departamento de Energía Eléctrica y Automática, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Carrera 80 No. 65-223, Robledo, Medellín 050041, Colombia
2
Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollos Tecnológicos y Ambientales—GIDTA, Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Carrera 23 No. 60-63, Manizales 170002, Colombia
3
Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Biotecnología Agroindustrial—GIMIBAG, Instituto de Investigación en Microbiología y Biotecnología Agroindustrial, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Carrera 23 No. 60-63, Manizales 170002, Colombia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(22), 5889; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225889 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 26 August 2025 / Revised: 4 November 2025 / Accepted: 5 November 2025 / Published: 8 November 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a robust control strategy for three-phase inverters that combines Sliding Mode Control with a Washout Filter (SMC-w) to achieve low harmonic distortion and high dynamic stability. The proposed approach addresses the critical challenge of maintaining the stability of a high-quality output signal while ensuring robustness against disturbances and adaptability under variable, unbalanced, and nonlinear loads. The proposed hybrid controller integrates the fast response and disturbance rejection capability of SMC with the filtering properties of the washout stage, effectively mitigating low-frequency chattering and steady-state offsets. A detailed stability analysis is provided to ensure the closed-loop convergence of the SMC–w. Simulation results obtained in MATLAB–Simulink demonstrate significant improvements in transient response, total harmonic distortion, and robustness under unbalanced and nonlinear load conditions compared to conventional control methods. The inverter demonstrated rapid tracking of the reference signals with a minimal error margin of 3%, effective frequency regulation with a low steady-state error, and resilience to input disturbances and load variations. For instance, under a load variation from 20 Ω to 5 Ω, the system maintained the output voltage accuracy within a 3% error threshold. In addition, the input perturbations and frequency shifts in the reference signals were effectively rejected, confirming the robustness of the control strategy. Furthermore, the integration of the SMC proved to be highly effective in reducing harmonic distortion and delivering a stable and high-quality sinusoidal output. The integration of the washout filter minimized the chattering phenomenon typically associated with the SMC, further enhancing the smooth response and reliability of the system. This study highlights the potential of SMC–w to optimize power quality and operational stability. This study offers significant insights into the development of advanced inverter systems that can operate in dynamic and challenging environments.
Keywords: three-phase inverter; sliding mode control (SMC); washout filter; load variation; reference tracking; frequency regulation; harmonic mitigation; power conversion three-phase inverter; sliding mode control (SMC); washout filter; load variation; reference tracking; frequency regulation; harmonic mitigation; power conversion

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hoyos, F.E.; Candelo-Becerra, J.E.; Rincón, A. Enhanced Three-Phase Inverter Control: Robust Sliding Mode Control with Washout Filter for Low Harmonics. Energies 2025, 18, 5889. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225889

AMA Style

Hoyos FE, Candelo-Becerra JE, Rincón A. Enhanced Three-Phase Inverter Control: Robust Sliding Mode Control with Washout Filter for Low Harmonics. Energies. 2025; 18(22):5889. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225889

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hoyos, Fredy E., John E. Candelo-Becerra, and Alejandro Rincón. 2025. "Enhanced Three-Phase Inverter Control: Robust Sliding Mode Control with Washout Filter for Low Harmonics" Energies 18, no. 22: 5889. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225889

APA Style

Hoyos, F. E., Candelo-Becerra, J. E., & Rincón, A. (2025). Enhanced Three-Phase Inverter Control: Robust Sliding Mode Control with Washout Filter for Low Harmonics. Energies, 18(22), 5889. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225889

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