Chemostratigraphic Approach to the Study of Resources’ Deposit in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Outline of Geology
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Chemical Composition
4.2. Chemostratigraphic Zonation
4.2.1. Major Elements
4.2.2. Provenance
4.2.3. Redox Conditions
4.2.4. Trace Elements
5. Conclusions
- The geochemical record from the profile of the Mudstone Series shows changes in the concentration of major elements and selected trace elements, leading to the identification of four chemostratigraphic units. These units differ primarily in the content of Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, and P as well as their different relationships.
- Unit 2 and Unit 4 demonstrated an enrichment with elements such as Fe, Ca, and Mg, which are associated with carbonate minerals, while Unit 1 and Unit 3 demonstrated an enrichment with Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, and Ti associated with the presence of heavy minerals.
- Studies of silica origin showed that, in Unit 2 and Unit 4, terrigenous quartz was a primary source of silica, while in Unit 1 and Unit 3, different sources of silica were observed.
- Based on indicators such as Al2O3/TiO2, TiO2/Zr, and La/Th, it can be concluded that all analyzed samples were possibly derived from felsic to intermediate igneous rocks; only the Th/Sc ratio suggested a mixed sediment source.
- Paleoenvironmental analyses, based on V/Cr, Ni/Co, U/Th, (Cu+Mo)/Zn, and Sr/Ba, indicated an oxic, freshwater depositional environment.
- Chemostratigraphy was used for the first time in the study of the Carboniferous coal-bearing series of the USCB, concluding that it can be used as an effective stratigraphic tool providing new information on the possibility of correlating barren sequences of the coal-bearing succession.
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SiO2/Al2O3 | <4 | Fe2O3 < 10% | Claystones |
SiO2/Al2O3 | 4–6 | Siltstones | |
SiO2/Al2O3 | 6–10 | Argillaceous sandstone | |
SiO2/Al2O3 | >10 | Sandstones | |
SiO2/Al2O3 | <4 | Fe2O3 > 10% | Fe-rich claystone |
SiO2/Al2O3 | 4–6 | Fe-rich siltstone | |
SiO2/Al2O3 | 6–10 | Fe-rich argillaceous sandstone | |
SiO2/Al2O3 | >10 | Fe-rich sandstone | |
SiO2/Al2O3 | >10 | MgO > 5% | Dolomitic sandstone |
Major Oxides | Detection Level | Claystones and Siltstones | Sandstones | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average (n = 106) | Max. | Min. | SD | Average (n = 15) | Max. | Min. | SD | ||
SiO2 (%) | 0.01 | 57.5 | 69.8 | 23.5 | 7.5 | 81.7 | 90.2 | 70.2 | 5.9 |
Al2O3 (%) | 0.01 | 20.3 | 27.3 | 8.6 | 3.6 | 7.5 | 11.7 | 4.7 | 1.9 |
Fe2O3 (%) | 0.04 | 5.3 | 32.9 | 1.0 | 5.2 | 2.8 | 8.2 | 1.1 | 1.8 |
CaO (%) | 0.01 | 0.22 | 1.78 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 1.20 | 0.07 | 0.28 |
MgO (%) | 0.01 | 1.47 | 6.79 | 0.76 | 0.94 | 0.68 | 1.86 | 0.17 | 0.48 |
Na2O (%) | 0.01 | 0.57 | 1.11 | 0.28 | 0.20 | 0.57 | 1.07 | 0.25 | 0.21 |
K2O (%) | 0.01 | 3.26 | 5.69 | 1.56 | 0.70 | 1.68 | 2.22 | 0.94 | 0.39 |
P2O5 (%) | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.72 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
MnO (%) | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
Cr2O3 (%) | 0.002 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
TiO2 (%) | 0.01 | 0.99 | 1.26 | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.34 | 0.63 | 0.13 | 0.14 |
Element | Unit 1 | Unit 1 | Unit 2 | Unit 3 | Unit 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Si | Si vs. Ti | −0.56 | 0.80 | −0.51 | 0.89 |
Si vs. Al | −0.80 | 0.58 | −0.77 | 0.62 | |
Si vs. Fe | 0.00 | −0.89 | −0.11 | −0.88 | |
K | K vs. Al. | 0.70 | 0.76 | 0.66 | 0.61 |
Fe | Fe vs. Ca | 0.79 | 0.87 | 0.27 | 0.89 |
Fe vs. Mg | 0.44 | 0.93 | 0.62 | 0.97 | |
Fe vs. P | 0.61 | 0.76 | 0.04 | 0.72 | |
Fe vs. Mn | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.99 | |
Ca | Ca vs. Mg | 0.49 | 0.94 | 0.01 | 0.93 |
Unit | Depth | Chemical Composition | Relationship between Selected Major Elements | Provenance | Redox Conditions | Trace Elements | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Si vs. Ti | Si vs. Al | Al. vs. K | Fe vs. Ca | Fe vs. Mg | Fe vs. P | Fe vs. Mn | Ca vs. Mg | Al2O3/TiO2 La/Th | Th/Sc | TiO2/Zr | Th/La | V/Cr U/Th (Cu+Mo)/Zn | Ni/Co | Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Ti | |||
Unit 4 | 585–481 m | levels enriched in Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, and P | strong positive | moderate positive | moderate positive | strong positive | strong positive | strong positive | strong positive | strong positive | inter felsic | mafic inter | inter | mostly inter felsic | oxic | oxic | depletion |
Unit 3 | 985–585 m | geochemical homogeneity | moderate negative | strong negative | moderate positive | none | moderate positive | none | strong positive | none | inter felsic | inter felsic | inter | mostly inter felsic | oxic | oxic dysoxic | enrichment |
Unit 2 | 1145–985 m | levels enriched in Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, and P | strong positive | moderate positive | moderate positive | strong positive | strong positive | strong positive | strong positive | strong positive | inter felsic | mafic inter | inter | mostly inter felsic | oxic | oxic dysoxic | depletion |
Unit 1 | 1298–1145 m | geochemical homogeneity | moderate negative | strong negative | moderate positive | strong positive | weak positive | moderate positive | strong positive | weak positive | inter felsic | mafic inter felsic | inter | inter felsic | oxic | oxic | enrichment |
Trace Element | Detection Level | Claystones and Siltstones | Sandstones | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average (n = 106) | Max. | Min. | SD | Average (n = 15) | Max. | Min. | SD | ||
Zr (ppm) | 0.01 | 119.7 | 169.5 | 47.4 | 18.4 | 63.6 | 93.9 | 29.6 | 23.0 |
Hf (ppm) | 0.01 | 3.56 | 5.30 | 1.30 | 0.59 | 1.87 | 2.80 | 0.90 | 0.68 |
Ti (%) | 0.001 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
Nb (ppm) | 0.01 | 15.81 | 20.20 | 5.30 | 2.66 | 4.44 | 8.50 | 2.00 | 1.96 |
Ta (ppm) | 0.01 | 1.18 | 1.50 | 0.40 | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.70 | 0.10 | 0.16 |
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Krzeszowska, E. Chemostratigraphic Approach to the Study of Resources’ Deposit in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland). Energies 2024, 17, 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030642
Krzeszowska E. Chemostratigraphic Approach to the Study of Resources’ Deposit in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland). Energies. 2024; 17(3):642. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030642
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrzeszowska, Ewa. 2024. "Chemostratigraphic Approach to the Study of Resources’ Deposit in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland)" Energies 17, no. 3: 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030642