Life Cycle Assessment of Poplar Biomass for High Value Products and Energy

The European Union has embarked on a European Green Deal programme that advocates for a transition from fossil fuels to sustainable production. Attempts are being made to identify biomass sources and bioproducts (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, or biofuels) that do not compete significantly with food production and have a low environmental impact. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the environmental impact of the supercritical CO₂ extraction of poplar biomass in a life cycle assessment (LCA). The production system was examined in a cradle-to-gate approach. In the analysed system, poplar biomass was extracted, and residual biomass was converted to pellets which were used to generate process heat. The functional unit was 1 kg of packaged extract. The results showed that the step of biomass extraction using S-CO₂ (in subsystem II) made the greatest contribution to all but two impact categories, with contribution from 25.3% to 93.8% for land use and global warming categories, respectively. In contrast, the whole subsystem I (biomass production and logistics) had a low environmental impact. Heat generation from residual biomass led to a minor decrease in the system’s environmental impact. Greenhouse gases emission reached 440 kg of CO₂ equivalents per 1 kg of the extract, and they were associated with high electricity consumption and steam production. Despite the application of residual biomass for heat generation, the overall environmental impacts, especially in terms of human health and ecosystem damage, remain significant, indicating the need for further optimisation and mitigation strategies in the production process. Moreover, the share of renewables in the energy mix supplied to biorefineries should mitigate the environmental impact of the extraction process.