Blockchain-Enabled Microgrids: Toward Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading and Flexible Demand Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. P2P Energy Trading and Flexible Energy Management in Microgrids
3. Distributed Ledger Technologies for Reliable Communication in Microgrids
3.1. Blockchain
3.1.1. Read and Write Access
3.1.2. Introduction of Smart Contracts, Decentralized Applications, and Oracles
3.1.3. Trilemma and Consequences in Blockchain-Enabled Microgrids
4. Market Structures in Blockchain-Enabled Microgrids
4.1. Peer Organization
4.2. Electric Market Mechanisms
5. Economical Operation in Blockchain-Enabled Microgrids
6. Flexible and Safe Energy Management in Blockchain-Enabled Microgrids
7. Blockchain-Enabled P2P Flexible Energy Markets in Microgrids
8. Discussion
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Company | Information | Blockchain | Headquarter | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|
FlexiDAO [82] | Aggregation and control of flexible DERs; automated demand response strategies | EWF Tobalaba; Ethereum | Barcelona, Spain | 2017 |
Spectral [86] | Control and optimization of energy assets; grid management; energy trading; integrated generation, demand, and price forecasts | MultiChain | Amsterdam, The Netherlands | 2015 |
Ampere Energy [105] | Smart batteries; optimization of self-consumption through weather forecasting, monitoring of electricity tariffs, and user characteristics | Energy Web Chain; Ethereum Private chain; Pylon Network | Valencia, Spain | 2015 |
Electron [89] | Automated trading in forward, intra-day and real-time markets; constrained and collaborative market trade | Ethereum | London, UK | 2015 |
EVSHARE [91] | Ridesharing with EVs; energy storage and management | Rootstock | San Francisco, CA, USA | 2018 |
Enervalis [106] | Mass energy services support for RES integration; EV smart charging; optimal management of energy assets; virtual power plant services | EWF Tobalaba; Ethereum | Houthalen-Helchteren, Belgium | 2013 |
Energy Unlocked [107] | Flexibility of local energy systems; net-zero emission energy systems; carbon signals for demand response strategies | N/A | London, UK | 2015 |
Evolution Energie [108] | Energy management and balancing; optimal energy pricing, energy consumption and reduced emissions; energy report and billing | N/A | Paris, France | 2010 |
Pylon Network [109] | Open source blockchain for energy marketplace services; scalable framework for peer cooperation; cooperative mining for reduced consumption per transaction | Own | Benicarlo, Spain | 2017 |
Restart Energy [110] | Energy market brokerage services to optimize the purchase price; customized solutions to reduce costs and compensate for energy price fluctuations; virtual energy storage via tokens | Ethereum | Timișoara, Romania | 2015 |
HydroCoin [111] | Investment in the hydrogen industry; certification and purchase of clean renewable fuels | Ethereum | London, UK | 2017 |
LO3 Energy [97] | Transactive energy services; optimal control of DERs; real-time energy consumption monitoring and P2P energy trading | Private | New York, NY, USA | 2012 |
Leap [102] | Energy flexibility services; aggregator of flexible DERs; power grid balancing | Ethereum | San Francisco, CA, USA | 2018 |
Electrify.Asia [112] | Smart contracts for P2P energy trading; optimal trade based on consumption; smart networks enhanced by artificial intelligence | Ethereum | Singapore, Singapore | 2017 |
PowerLedger [113] | Automated market negotiation and compensation; choose of the energy source; real-time dispatch optimization and management; smart contracts for carbon traders, grid load balancing and dynamic energy response | Ethereum, Solana | Perth, Australia | 2017 |
Veridium Labs [114] | Tokenized marketplace for environmental assets; carbon credits and companies environmental impact monitoring; automated offsetting of social and environmental impacts | Stellar | Hong Kong, Hong Kong | 2016 |
EnergyChain [115] | Big data and energy-efficient network; monetization with energy data sharing; performance recording of in microgrid-connected DERs; automatic energy trade and payment | Own; Cosmos | Delaware, DE, USA | 2016 |
SunContract [116] | Decentralized electricity market; support of self-sufficient energy communities; tokenization of solar installations | Ethereum | Ljubjlana, Slovenia | 2016 |
Volt Markets [117] | Monitoring and management of P2P energy trading; algorithms to analyze energy market trends and identify transactions | Ethereum | Houston, TX, USA | 2016 |
Energy Web Foundation [118] | Scalable and open source blockchain platform for energy markets; decentralized and shared digital infrastructure for energy communities; education of regulators and participants | Own; Energy Web Chain | Berlin, Germany | 2017 |
Rewatt [119] | Carbon markets; climate accounting and sale of environmental offsets and credits; verifiable carbon offset credits from DERs; enhanced performance through artificial intelligence | N/A | Calgari, Canada | 2017 |
OmegaGrid [120] | Local energy market blockchain platform; economic and physical management of distribution networks; aggregation and demand response strategies | Private | Chicago, IL, USA | 2017 |
Bitlumens [121] | Provision of lighting and water from RESs in remote villages; offering distributed smart energy solutions | Ethereum | Zug, Switzerland | 2017 |
Greeneum [122] | Management, smart forecasting, optimization, and trading of renewable energy values; real-time monitoring and reward of carbon footprint reduction in micro and large grids | Ethereum | Tel Aviv, Israel | 2016 |
Grid+ [123] | Electricity reseller in decentralized electricity markets; eccess to electricity and dynamic billing | Ethereum | Austin, TX, USA | 2015 |
The sun exchange [124] | Investment in solar farm construction in developing countries | Bitcoin; Ethereum | Cape Town, South Africa | 2015 |
Grid Singularity [125] | Energy infrastructure administration; real-time energy consumption monitoring; smart grid management; green and energy source certificates; validation of energy exchanges | Energy Web Chain | Vienna, Austria | 2016 |
SolarCoin [126] | Solar-powered digital currency for clean energy trading; CO2 emission certificates and carbon trading system through encrypted carbon credits; decentralized global solar energy monitoring platform | Energy Web Chain | Greenwich, CT, USA | 2014 |
EcoKraft [127] | Digital marketplaces based on artificial intelligence for the optimized management of energy transactions; investment in RES market, project assistance | N/A | Frankfurt, Germany | 2016 |
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Evens, M.; Ercoli, P.; Arteconi, A. Blockchain-Enabled Microgrids: Toward Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading and Flexible Demand Management. Energies 2023, 16, 6741. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186741
Evens M, Ercoli P, Arteconi A. Blockchain-Enabled Microgrids: Toward Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading and Flexible Demand Management. Energies. 2023; 16(18):6741. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186741
Chicago/Turabian StyleEvens, Maarten, Patricia Ercoli, and Alessia Arteconi. 2023. "Blockchain-Enabled Microgrids: Toward Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading and Flexible Demand Management" Energies 16, no. 18: 6741. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186741
APA StyleEvens, M., Ercoli, P., & Arteconi, A. (2023). Blockchain-Enabled Microgrids: Toward Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading and Flexible Demand Management. Energies, 16(18), 6741. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186741