Environmental and Energy Conditions in Sustainable Regional Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review
1.2. Poland
1.3. Opolskie Voivodeship
2. Materials and Methods
- forecast accuracy and high precision to be maximised thanks to mutual verification;
- issues in relation to insufficient data required for making forecasts to be overcome;
- time restrictions for which numerical data are available to be overcome.
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of the Cause and Effect Dependencies
- 1.
- An increase in the quantity of municipal waste collected, including sorted waste collected.
- 2.
- No air quality improvement in relation to the PM10 and PM2.5 dust content as well as benzo(a)pyrene content in PM10 dust, despite a drop in gas and dust pollutant emissions, particularly in relation to troublesome plants.
- 3.
- A low share of people using green energy carriers despite an increasing share of RES in electricity consumption.
- 4.
- A spatially differentiated increase in people using the sewage system (an increase was recorded only in four powiats).
- 5.
- An increase in people using a water supply system.
- 6.
- A low share of people using a gas supply system, despite a small increase, a low share of people connected to gas supply networks, and limited access to gas fuel in case of larger numbers of people living in the country.
- 7.
- No radical improvement in the surface water purity. An increase in water consumption for national economy purposes, especially for agriculture.
- 8.
- A decreased surface area of devastated and degraded land, as well as a decreased scale of agricultural and forest land excluded for non-agricultural and non-forest purposes.
- 9.
- A slight increase in legally protected areas of special natural value.
- 10.
- An increase in surface area subject to local spatial development plans.
- 11.
- A decreased share of the urban population. A decreasing number of inhabitants in the region’s medium and large cities and a decreasing share in the regional network of urban centres.
- 12.
- An increased density of public roads with improved and hardened pavements.
- 13.
- A decreased density of utilised railway lines.
3.2. Forecasted Trends of Changes in the “Environment” Area Indicators
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Betz, N.; Coley, J.D. Human Exceptionalist Thinking about Climate Change. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahmoud, S.H.; Gan, Y.T. Impact of anthropogenic climate change and human activities on environment and ecosystem services in arid regions. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 633, 1329–1344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wąs, A.; Krupin, V.; Kobus, P.; Witajewski-Baltvilks, J.; Jeszke, R.; Szczepański, K. Towards Climate Neutrality in Poland by 2050: Assessment of Policy Implications in the Farm Sector. Energies 2021, 14, 7595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United Nations; Department of Economic and Social Affairs; Population Division. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision, Highlights; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Mata-Lima, H.; Silva, F.; Alvino-Borba, A.; Almeida, J.A. Environmental Management in Organizations: Is ISO 14001 Implementation Growing Fast Enough to Improve Environmental Conditions in the Metropolitan Areas of Developing Countries? Environ. Qual. Manag. 2014, 24, 61–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mata-Lima, H.; Silva, D.W.; Nardi, D.C.; Klering, S.A.; de Oliveira, T.C.F.; Morgado-Dias, F. Waste-to-Energy: An Opportunity to Increase Renewable Energy Share and Reduce Ecological Footprint in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Energies 2021, 14, 7586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- International Energy Agency, IEA. Word Energy Outlook; International Energy Agency: Paris, France, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- UN News; UN-Habitat. Cities: A ‘Cause and Solution to’ Climate Change. Available online: https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1046662 (accessed on 20 November 2021).
- UN Environment Programme; International Resource Panel. The Weight of Cities: Resource Requirements of Future Urbanization. Available online: https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/weight-cities (accessed on 10 November 2021).
- Purvis, B.; Mao, Y.; Robinson, D. Three pillars of sustainability: In search of conceptual origins. Sustain. Sci. 2019, 14, 681–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Szlachta, J. Główne problemy polityki rozwoju regionalnego Polski na przełomie XX i XXI wieku [Main Issues of Poland’s Regional Development Policy at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries]. In Strategiczne Wyzwania dla Polityki Rozwoju Regionalnego Polski; Broszkiewicz, R., Ed.; Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung: Warsaw, Poland, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Mach, Ł.; Bedrunka, K.; Dąbrowski, I.; Frącz, P. The Relationship between ROP Funds and Sustainable Development—A Case Study for Poland. Energies 2021, 14, 2677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mannan, S. (Ed.) Chapter 40—Sustainable Development. In Lees’ Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 4th ed.; ButterworthHeinemann: Oxford, UK, 2012; pp. 2507–2521. [Google Scholar]
- Pearce, D.W.; Barbier, E.W.; Markandya, A. Sustainable Development; Earthscan: London, UK, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Mensah, J. Sustainable Development: Meaning, History, Principles, Pillars, and Implications for Human Action: Literature Review. Cogent Soc. Sci. 2019, 5, 1653531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suo, C.; Li, Y.; Mei, H.; Lv, J.; Sun, J.; Nie, S. Towards sustainability for China’s energy system through developing an energyclimate-water nexus model. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2021, 135, 110394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Copiello, S.; Grillenzoni, C. Economic development and climate change. Which is the cause and which the effect? Energy Rep. 2020, 6, 49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Širá, E.; Vavrek, R.; Vozárová, I.K.; Kotulič, R. Knowledge Economy Indicators and Their Impact on the Sustainable Competitiveness of the EU Countries. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pflugmann, F.; De Blasio, N. The Geopolitics of Renewable Hydrogen in Low-Carbon Energy Markets. Geopolit. Hist. Int. Relat. 2020, 12, 7. [Google Scholar]
- Harrower, K. Networked and Integrated Urban Technologies in Sustainable Smart Energy Systems. Geopolit. Hist. Int. Relat. 2020, 12, 45. [Google Scholar]
- United Nations. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- United Nations. Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Sustainable Development Goals. The Aalborg Charter. Available online: https://sustainablecities.eu/the-aalborg-charter/ (accessed on 10 November 2021).
- Sustainable Development Goals; Knowledge Platform. Agenda 21. Available online: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/outcomedocuments/agenda21 (accessed on 25 November 2021).
- Mercader-Moyano, P.; Estable-Reifs, A.M.; Pellicer, H. Toward the Renewal of the Sustainable Urban Indicators’ System after a Global Health Crisis. Practical Application in Granada, Spain. Energies 2021, 14, 6188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. Available online: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.215.58&rep=rep1&type=pdf (accessed on 7 May 2021).
- European Commission Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions an EU-Wide Assessment of National Energy and Climate Plans Driving Forward the Green Transition and Promoting Economic Recovery through Integrated Energy and Climate Planning 2020. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0564&from=EN (accessed on 3 December 2021).
- Księżopolski, K.; Maśloch, G. Time Delay Approach to Renewable Energy in the Visegrad Group. Energies 2021, 14, 1928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United Nations. Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; T.I.A.S. No. 16-1104; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- IPCC. 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M.I., et al., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2021; in press; Available online: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf (accessed on 25 July 2021).
- Margeta, K.; Glasnovic, Z.; Zabukovec Logar, N.; Tišma, S.; Farkaš, A. A Concept for Solving the Sustainability of Cities Worldwide. Energies 2022, 15, 616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mora, C.; Dousset, B.; Caldwell, I.R.; Powell, F.E.; Geronimo, R.C.; Bielecki, C.R.; Counsell, C.W.W.; Dietrich, B.S.; Johnston, E.T.; Louis, L.V.; et al. Global risk of deadly heat. Nat. Clim. Change 2017, 7, 501–506. Available online: https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3322#citeas (accessed on 25 July 2022). [CrossRef]
- Hoque, F.; Yasin, R.M.; Sopian, K. Revisiting Education for Sustainable Development: Methods to Inspire Secondary School Students toward Renewable Energy. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Rodriguez-Besteiro, S.; Cabello-Eras, J.J.; Bustamante-Sanchez, A.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Donoso-Gonzalez, M.; Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. Sustainable Development Goals in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cernev, T.; Fenner, R. The importance of achieving foundational Sustainable Development Goals in reducing global risk. Futures 2020, 115, 102492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brussels, European Commission. Evaluation of the Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy on Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. SWD (2021) 115 Final. 2021. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/food-farmingfisheries/key_policies/documents/ext-eval-soil-greenhouse-report_2020_en.pdf (accessed on 1 December 2021).
- Wolf, S.; Teitge, J.; Mielke, J.; Schütze, F.; Jaeger, C. The European Green Deal—more than climate neutrality. Intereconomics 2021, 56, 99–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parker, L.; Bourgoin, C.; Martinez-Valle, A.; Läderach, P. Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0213641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Adams, R.M.; Hurd, B.H.; Lenhart, S.; Leary, N. Effects of global climate change on agriculture: An interpretative review. Clim. Res. 1998, 11, 19–30. [Google Scholar]
- Królczyk, G.; Król, A.; Kochan, O.; Su, J.; Kacprzyk, J. (Eds.) Sustainable Production: Novel Trends in Energy, Environmental and Materials Systems; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Stoenoiu, C.E. Sustainable Development—A Path to a Better Future. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fouquet, R.; Pearson, P.J. Past and prospective energy transitions: Insights from history. Energy Policy 2012, 50, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnstone, N.; Haščič, I.; Popp, D. Renewable Energy Policies and Technological Innovation: Evidence Based on Patent Counts. Environ. Resour. Econ. 2010, 45, 133–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elliott, J.; Foster, I.; Kortum, S.; Munson, T.; Cervantes, F.P.; Weisbach, D. Trade and Carbon Taxes. Am. Econ. Rev. 2010, 100, 465–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Solecka, I.; Bothmer, D.; Głogowski, A. Recognizing Landscapes for the Purpose of Sustainable Development—Experiences from Poland. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Giorgetta, S. The Right to a Healthy Environment, Human Rights and Sustainable Development. Int. Environ. Agreem. Politics Law Econ. 2002, 2, 171–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raszkowski, A.; Bartniczak, B. Towards Sustainable Regional Development: Economy, Society, Environment, Good Governance Based on the Example of Polish Regions. Transform. Bus. Econ. 2018, 17, 225–245. [Google Scholar]
- Malik, K.; Ciesielska, M. Sustainability within the region: The role of institutional governance. Econ. Environ. Stud. 2011, 11, 167–187. [Google Scholar]
- Happaerts, S.; Bruyninckx, H.; Van den Brande, K. The State of Sustainable Development: Perspectives from the Subnational Level. In Sustainable Development and Subnational Governments; Bruyninckx, H., Happaerts, S., Van den Brande, K., Eds.; Palgrave Macmillan: London, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jovovic, R.; Draskovic, M.; Delibasic, M.; Jovovic, M. The concept of sustainable regional development—institutional aspects, policies and prospects. J. Int. Stud. 2017, 10, 255–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Talukdar, S. Pursuing Sustainability: A Case for Regional Approach. Community Change 2018, 2, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bedrunka, K. Concepts of the Sustainable Development of the Region. In Sustainable Production: Novel Trends in Energy, Environment and Material Systems. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control; Królczyk, G., Wzorek, M., Król, A., Kochan, O., Su, J., Kacprzyk, J., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Germany, 2020; Volume 198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van den Bergh, J.C.J.M.; Verbruggen, H. Spatial sustainability, trade and indicators: An evaluation of the ‘ecological footprint’. Ecol. Econ. 1999, 29, 61–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carroll, M.C.; Stanfield, J.R. Sustainable Regional Economic Development. J. Econ. Issues 2001, 35, 469–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roberts, P. Evaluating regional sustainable development: Approaches, methods and the politics of analysis. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 2006, 49, 515–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lehner, F. Deliberative Governance for Sustainable Development: An Innovative Solution for Environment, Economy and Society, 1st ed.; Routledge: London, UK, 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ayres, R.U. On the life cycle metaphor: Where ecology and economics diverge. Ecol. Econ. 2004, 48, 425–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Müller, M.O.; Stämpfli, A.; Dold, U.; Hammer, T. Energy autarky: A conceptual framework for sustainable regional development. Energy Policy 2011, 39, 5800–5810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boguniewicz-Zabłocka, J.; Łukasiewicz, E.; Guida, D. Analysis of the Sustainable Use of Geothermal Waters and Future Development Possibilities—A Case Study from the Opole Region, Poland. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pięta-Kanurska, M. Renewable Energy Production in Primary Energy in Poland—Comparative Analysis of Selected European Union Countries. In Proceedings of the 38th International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA), Seville, Spain, 23–24 November 2021; ISBN 978-0-9998551-7-1. [Google Scholar]
- Kahia, M.; Ben Aïssa, M.S.; Charfeddine, L. Impact of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: New Evidence from the MENA Net Oil Exporting Countries (NOECs). Energy 2016, 116, 102–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olczak, P.; Żelazna, A.; Matuszewska, D.; Olek, M. The “My Electricity” Program as One of the Ways to Reduce CO2 Emissions in Poland. Energies 2021, 14, 7679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berkenkamp, M.; Götz, P.; Heddrich, M.; Lenck, T. Integration of European Energy Market. Poland and Baltic Sea Region (European Energy Market Integration. Poland and the Baltic Sea Region); Advise2Energy: Frankfurt/Berlin, Germany, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Energy Regulatory Office. Information on Investment Plans for New Generation Capacity in the Years 2018–2032; Energy Regulatory Office: Warsaw, Poland, 2019; p. 14. Available online: https://www.ure.gov.pl/pl/urzad/informacje-ogolne/publikacje/raport-plany-inwestycyj/8068,Raport-Plany-inwestycyjne-w-nowe-moce-wytworcze.html (accessed on 12 December 2021).
- Drożdż, W.; Mróz-Malik, O.; Kopiczko, M. The Future of the Polish Energy Mix in the Context of Social Expectations. Energies 2021, 14, 5341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sustainable Development Strategy 2020 (with a 2030 perspective), Warsaw. 2017. Available online: https://www.gov.pl/web/fundusze-regiony/informacje-o-strategii-na-rzecz-odpowiedzialnego-rozwoju (accessed on 10 December 2021).
- National Strategy for Regional Development 2030. Socially Sensitive and Territorially Sustainable Development, Warsaw, September. 2019. Available online: https://www.gov.pl/web/fundusze-regiony/krajowa-strategia-rozwoju-regionalnego (accessed on 10 December 2021).
- Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska. 2021, Polityka Energetyczna Polski do 2040 r., Streszczenie. Available online: https://www.gov.pl/attachment/c5d4a303-2a45-4225-b84d-d6ad12f7c1c1 (accessed on 10 November 2021).
- Ruszkowski, P. Bełchatów 2030: Alternatywne Scenariusze Transformacji (Bełchatów 2030: The Alternative Scenarios of the Transformation). Energetyka Społeczeństwo Polityka 2021, 9. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351162952_Belchatow_2030_alternatywne_scenariusze_transformacji (accessed on 16 December 2021). [CrossRef]
- Opolskie Voivodeship Growth Poles, Krakow-Warsaw, December 2016. Available online: https://www.opolskie.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Bieguny-wzrostu-wojew%C3%B3dztwa-opolskiego-raport.pdf (accessed on 10 December 2021).
- Opolskie—regional diagnosis, Opole, November 2020. Available online: https://bip.opolskie.pl/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/22.-Opolskie-diagnoza-regionalna.pdf (accessed on 10 December 2021).
- Heffner, K.; Klemens, B.; Solga, B. Challenges of Regional Development in the Context of Population Ageing. Analysis Based on the Example of Opolskie Voivodeship. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kubiciel-Lodzińska, S. The influx of foreign workers in the context of the demographic transformations in Poland, The employers’ perspective (case study of Opole Voivodeship). In Proceedings of the 31st International Business Information Management Association Conference (IBIMA 2018); Innovation Management and Education Excellence through Vision 2020, Milan, Italy, 25–26 April 2018; pp. 231–243. [Google Scholar]
- Maj, J.; Kubiciel-Lodzińska, S. Entrepreneurial tendencies of migrants working in the care sector in Poland. Entrep. Bus. Econ. Rev. 2020, 8, 27–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jończy, R.; Śleszyński, P.; Dolińska, A.; Ptak, M.; Rokitowska-Malcher, J.; Rokita-Poskart, D. Environmental and Economic Factors of Migration from Urban to Rural Areas: Evidence from Poland. Energies 2021, 14, 8467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zygmunt, J. Regional dimension of entrepreneurship in a developing economy an analysis of polish północno-zachodni region. In Proceedings of the 30th International Business Information Management Association Conference (IBIMA 2017); Vision 2020: Sustainable Economic development, Innovation Management, and Global Growth; Marid, Spain: 8–9 November 2017; pp. 1483–1491.
- Zygmunt, A. Do investments impact on firms’ innovation activities? Evidence from Poland and the Czech Republic. 32nd International Business Information Management Association Conference (IBIMA 2018); Vision 2020: Sustainable Economic Development and Application of Innovation Management from Regional expansion to Global Growth, Seville, Spain, 15–16 November 2018; pp. 6942–6948. [Google Scholar]
- Klemens, B.; Derlukiewicz, N.; Mempel-Śnieżyk, A. Boosting innovation and entrepreneurship in Polish economy. In Biblioteka Regionalisty; Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu: Wrocław, Poland, 2017; pp. 55–65. [Google Scholar]
- Szewczuk-Stępień, M.; Klemens, B. Essence and role of co-operation in regional development. RIS3 case study. In Quality—Access to Success; SRAC: București, Romania, 2019; Volume 20, pp. 463–468. [Google Scholar]
- Derlukiewicz, N.; Mempel-Śnieżyk, A.; Pilewicz, T.; Godlewska, M. Bottom-Up Initiatives Undertaken by Local Governments to Support Entrepreneurship. Energies 2021, 14, 6328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rokita-Poskart, D.; Mach, Ł. Selected meso-economic consequences of the changing number of students in academic towns and cities (a case study of Poland). Sustainability 2019, 11, 1901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rokita-Poskart, D. What decides about the ability of the academic city to keep educational migrants?—Case of Opole academic Centre. In Proceedings of the 31st International Business Information Management Association Conference (IBIMA 2018); Innovation Management and Education Excellence through Vision 2020, Milan, Italy, 25–26 April 2018; pp. 6829–6839. [Google Scholar]
- Województwo opolskie—stan i trendy rozwojowe. Raport za okres 2008–2016, Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Opolskiego, Opole. 2017. Available online: https://www.opolskie.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Raport-DRP-o-rozwoju-spo%C5%82-gosp-przestrz-OST.pdf (accessed on 15 December 2021).
- Stępiński, P. Zakończyła się rozbudowa Elektrowni Opole. Available online: https://biznesalert.pl/zakonczyla-sie-rozbudowa-elektrowni-opole-relacja/ (accessed on 15 December 2021).
- Available online: https://www.gorazdze.pl/pl/obiekty-referencyjne-rozbudowa-elektrowni-opole (accessed on 15 December 2021).
- Suchacek, J.; Walancik, M.; Wroblewski, L.; Urminsky, J.; Drastichova, M.; Sotkovsky, I. Management of Municipal Development of Euroregion Beskydy in Poland and Czechia. Pol. J. Manag. Stud. 2018, 18, 365–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heffner, K. Small, Peripheral, Agricultural and Emigration Regions. In New Members—New Challenges for the European Regional Development Policy; Technical University of Kosice. Faculty of Economics, University of Economics in Bratislava; Faculty of National Economy in Cooperation with German Speaking Section of the European Regional Science Association: Novy Smokovec-Vysoke Tatry, Slovakia, 2005; pp. 132–137. [Google Scholar]
- Dembicka-Niemiec, A. Realization of Regional Operational Programme of the Opolskie Voivodeship. In Assumption and Activities in the Opole Agglomeration in the Context of Sustainable Development, Wyd; Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu: Wrocław, Poland, 2019; Available online: http://dbc.wroc.pl/Content/74469/Dembicka-Niemiec_Realization_of_regional_operational_programme.pdf (accessed on 25 July 2022).
- Eastman, J.R. TerrSet Geospatial Monitoring and Modeling System—Tutorial; Clark Labs, Clark University: Worcester, MA, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en#documents (accessed on 26 July 2022).
- United Nations. Kyoto Protocol; United Nations: Tokyo, Japan, 1997; Available online: https://unfccc.int/kyoto-protocol-htmlversion (accessed on 26 July 2022).
- Stern, N. Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change; Government of the United Kingdom: London, UK, 2006; Available online: http://mudancasclimaticas.cptec.inpe.br/~rmclima/pdfs/destaques/sternreview_report_complete.pdf (accessed on 26 July 2022).
- Taušová, M.; Čulková, K.; Tauš, P.; Domaracká, L.; Seňová, A. Evaluation of the Effective Material Use from the View of EU Environmental Policy Goals. Energies 2021, 14, 4759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niklewicz-Pijaczyńska, M.; Stańczyk, E.; Gardocka-Jałowiec, A.; Gródek-Szostak, Z.; Niemczyk, A.; Szalonka, K.; Homa, M. A Strategy for Planned Product Aging in View of Sustainable Development Challenges. Energies 2021, 14, 7793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paták, M.; Jeřábek, F. Possibilities and Limitations of Quantitative Methods in Short-Term Demand Forecasting in a Manufacturing Company. In Proceedings of the Carpathian Logistics Congress (CLC 2015), Olomouc, Czech, 4–6 November 2015; Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316622048_Possibilities_and_Limitations_of_Quantitative_Methods_in_Short-Term_Demand_Forecasting_in_a_Manufacturing_Company (accessed on 20 July 2022).
- Wang, S. Wanpracha Art Chaovalitwongse. “Evaluating and comparing forecasting models.” Wiley Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science (2011). Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shouyi-Wang/publication/313991989_Evaluating_and_Comparing_Forecasting_Models/links/5aa76e8da6fdcccdc46a9a1b/Evaluating-and-Comparing-Forecasting-Models.pdf (accessed on 20 July 2022).
- Fallah, S.N.; Deo, R.C.; Shojafar, M.; Conti, M.; Shamshirband, S. Computational intelligence approaches for energy load forecasting in smart energy management grids: State of the art, future challenges, and research directions. Energies 2018, 11, 596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Würth, I.; Valldecabres, L.; Simon, E.; Möhrlen, C.; Uzunoğlu, B.; Gilbert, C.; Giebel, G.; Schlipf, D.; Kaifel, A. Minute-scale forecasting of wind power—results from the collaborative workshop of IEA Wind task 32 and 36. Energies 2019, 12, 712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Periodical Report on the Implementation of the Opolskie Voivodeship Regional Operational Programme 2007–2013. Available online: https://docplayer.pl/5940131-Sprawozdanie-okresowe-z-realizacji-regionalnego-programu-operacyjnego-wojewodztwa-opolskiego-na-lata-2007-2013.html (accessed on 25 July 2022).
- Annual Report on the Implementation of the Opolskie Voivodeship Regional Operational Programme 2014–2020. Available online: https://rpo.opolskie.pl/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Sprawozdanie-z-wdra%C5%BCania-RPO-WO-2014-2020-za-2021.pdf (accessed on 25 July 2022).
- Opolskie Voivodeship Development Strategy “Opolskie 2030”, Opole. 2021. Available online: https://www.opolskie.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Strategia-Opolskie-2030-uchwalona.pdf (accessed on 25 July 2022).
- Józefowicz, K.; Smolińska, K. Regionalne zróżnicowanie poziomu antropopresji na środowiskowe uwarunkowania rozwoju w Polsce. In Regional Diversification of the Degree of Anthropic Pressure on the Environmental Development Conditions in Poland, Regional Development and Regional Policy no.; UAM: Poznań, Poland, 2022; pp. 93–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- lóska, R. Rozwój zrównoważony regionów w Polsce w ujęciu statystycznym, Regional Sustainable Development in Poland in Statistical Terms. Prog. Econ. Sci. 2017, 4, 159–177. [Google Scholar]
Sustainable Development: | Indicators: (S—stimulant, D—de-stimulant) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Positive | Share of sorted municipal waste collected in relation to all municipal waste collected (%) (S) | RES usage degree in electricity consumption (%) (S) | |
Population using the water supply system (%) (S) | Population using the gas supply system (%) (S) | ||
Population using the sewage system (%) (S) | Share of people inhabiting cities with a population of up to 20.000 (%) (S) | ||
Share of surface areas subject to local spatial development plans in the total surface area (%) (S) | Utilised railway line density (total) (km per 100 km2 of surface area) (S) | ||
Share of legally protected areas of special natural value in the total surface area (%) (S) | Share of buses running on alternative fuel in the total number of buses used in the urban transport services (%) (S) | ||
Density of public roads with improved pavements (km per 100 km2 of surface area) (S) | |||
Neutral | Share of people inhabiting cities with a population from 20.000 to 100.000 (%) (D) | Share of people inhabiting cities with a population above 100.000 (%) (D) | Electricity production in relation to electricity consumption (%) (S) |
Negative | Dust pollutant emissions from particularly troublesome plants (including the CO2 emission) per km2 of surface area (in tons per year per km2 of surface area) (D) | Water consumption for national economy and population purposes per inhabitant (cubic hectometres per inhabitant) (D) | |
Gas pollutant emission from particularly troublesome plants (including the CO2 emission) per km2 of surface area (in tons per year per km2 of surface area) (D) | |||
Daily average PM10 pollution (in micrometres (one millionth of a metre) per cubic metre (µg/m3)) (D) | |||
Energy transformation -> | Negative | Neutral | Positive |
Phenomena | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | Y |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | X | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 0 | X | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
3 | 0 | 1 | X | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | X | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | X | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | X | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | X | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | X | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | X | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | X | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | X | 0 | 0 | 1 |
12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | X | 0 | 1 |
13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | X | 0 |
X | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | X |
Indicator Name/Features | Slope (S) | Interceptor (I) | The Average Annual Rate of Change (AARC) | The Medium-Period Change Rate (MPCR) | Trend | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Share of sorted municipal waste collected in relation to all municipal waste collected (%) | 1.4020814 | −2.5274053 | 28.14542777 | 34.87869942 | y = 13.17 ln(x) + 7.4866 | 0.9167 |
Dust pollutant emission from particularly troublesome plants (including the CO2 emission) per km2 of surface area (in tons per year per km2 of surface area) | 382.9500122 | 358.8999023 | 13.58947703 | 13183.1947 | y = 1240.6e0.109x | 0.9694 |
Gas pollutant emission from particularly troublesome plants (including the CO2 emission) per km2 of surface area (in tons per year per km2 of surface area) | −5.2692308 | 1475.230713 | 0.015413081 | 1368.210851 | y = −12.71 ln(x) + 1447.6 | 0.0121 |
Daily average PM10 pollution (in micrometres (one millionth of a metre) per cubic metre (µg/m3)) | −0.2565856 | 38.0503006 | 0.188079281 | 32.66226404 | y = 0.1218 ln(x) + 36.785 | 0.0004 |
Electricity production in relation to electricity consumption (%) | −5.2899995 | 235.875 | −2.094713486 | 157.9212271 | y = −24.31 ln(x) + 238.9 | 0.6464 |
RES usage degree in electricity consumption (%) | 0.5045455 | 0.8840909 | 5.18046469 | 8.177812993 | y = 2.2674 ln(x) + 0.2651 | 0.7112 |
Population using the water supply system (%) | 1.3166662 | 48.1666718 | 2.664781833 | 74.32930205 | y = 0.178 ln(x) + 96.594 | 0.9777 |
Population using the sewage system (%) | 1.7538458 | 42.7461548 | 3.256995326 | 71.97012574 | y = 6.7246 ln(x) + 63.932 | 0.9515 |
Population using the gas supply system (%) | 0.0600006 | 41.0599937 | 0.190207419 | 41.97969691 | y = 0.3569 ln(x) + 40.889 | 0.6662 |
Water consumption for national economy and population purposes per inhabitant (cubic hectometres per inhabitant) | 0.5922572 | 103.5815659 | 1.457253953 | 134.8741587 | y = 5.8967 ln(x) + 100.9 | 0.2295 |
Share of legally protected areas of special natural value in the total surface area (%) | 0.0099335 | 27.0549412 | 0.060551328 | 27.5897001 | y = 0.1289 ln(x) + 26.957 | 0.4193 |
Share of surface areas subject to local spatial development plans in the total surface area (%) | 0.8997481 | 33.7237778 | 2.398525273 | 41.51897709 | y = 3.10 1ln(x) + 33.76 | 0.8860 |
Share of people inhabiting cities with a population of up to 20.000 (%) | −0.0058632 | 21.1190987 | 0.660817921 | 21.07141607 | y = 0.8026 ln(x) + 19.213 | 0.6598 |
Share of people inhabiting cities with a population from 20.000 to 100.000 (%) | 0.035415 | 18.8741684 | 0.798679448 | 18.75696099 | y = −0.958 ln(x) + 21.257 | 0.7575 |
Share of people inhabiting cities with a population above 100.000 (%) | −0.0241598 | 12.2936954 | 0.420929381 | 12.99701121 | y = −0.036 ln(x) + 12.234 | 0.0131 |
Utilised railway line density (total) (km per 100 km2 of surface area) | −0.0683333 | 9.333333 | −0.835690172 | 8.131473406 | y = −0.366 ln(x) + 9.5072 | 0.4235 |
Density of public roads with improved pavements (km per 100 km2 of surface area) | 0.4142859 | 77.8285751 | 0.670702222 | 85.46942619 | y = 2.5603 ln(x) + 76.521 | 0.8791 |
Share of buses running on alternative fuel in the total number of buses used in the urban transport services (%) | 10.1510563 | −7.1138515 | 177.2087729 | 64.6986364 | y = 16.46 ln(x) − 0.0889 | 0.6031 |
Indicator Name/Features | Last Indicator Value Year | Value in the Previous Year for the Opolskie Voivodeship | Average Value for Voivodeships (Excluding Opolskie) | National Average | Value in the Previous Year for the Opolskie Voivodeship in Relation to the Average Value in the Previous Year | Forecasting Method | 2018 | 2030 | Most Probable Change Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Share of sorted municipal waste collected in relation to all municipal waste collected (%) | 2016 | 27.2181 | 24.0001 | 24.2012 | above | MT ** | 19.9059 | 36.7309 | |
AARC ** | 44.6955 | 876.3968 | |||||||
LT ** | 33.1142 | 46.2649 | X | ||||||
Dust pollutant emission from particularly troublesome plants (including the CO2 emission) per km2 of surface area (in tons per year per km2 of surface area) | MT | 8400.8502 | 12,996.2503 | ||||||
2017 | 11,606.0000 | 5492.3333 | 5874.4375 | above | AARC | 13,183.1947 | 60,824.4047 | ||
ET | 12,238.6030 | 45,267.7625 | X | ||||||
Gas pollutant emission from particularly troublesome plants (including the CO2 emission) per km2 of surface area (in tons per year per km2 of surface area) | MT | 1364.5769 | 1301.3461 | ||||||
2017 | 1368.0000 | 754.2000 | 792.5625 | above | AARC | 1368.2109 | 1370.7436 | ||
LT | 1408.9041 | 1403.1594 | X | ||||||
Daily average PM10 pollution (in micrometres (one millionth of a metre) per cubic metre (µg/m3)) | MT | 34.4581 | 31.3791 | X | |||||
2016 | 32.6009 | 29.0567 | 29.2782 | above | AARC | 32.7237 | 33.4699 | ||
LT | 37.1064 | 37.1818 | |||||||
Electricity production in relation to electricity consumption (%) | MT | 151.2350 | 87.7550 | ||||||
2016 | 161.3000 | 96.1733 | 100.2438 | above | AARC | 154.6132 | 119.9279 | X | |
LT | 171.4984 | 157.8941 | |||||||
RES usage degree in electricity consumption (%) | MT | 7.9477 | 14.0023 | X | |||||
2016 | 7.1000 | 28.6000 | 27.2563 | below | AARC | 9.4192 | 51.3525 | ||
LT | 6.2489 | 7.6525 | |||||||
Population using the water supply system (%) | MT | 94.9500 | 95.5500 | ||||||
2016 | 96.8000 | 91.9467 | 92.2500 | above | AARC | 97.1920 | 99.5775 | ||
LT | 95.6129 | 96.0263 | X | ||||||
Population using the sewage system (%) | MT | 70.5500 | 86.3500 | ||||||
2016 | 72.4000 | 69.7600 | 69.9250 | above | AARC | 76.3100 | 104.6259 | ||
LT | 67.3025 | 71.5697 | X | ||||||
Population using the gas supply system (%) | MT | 42.0800 | 42.8000 | X | |||||
2016 | 41.9000 | 49.9867 | 49.4813 | below | AARC | 42.0595 | 43.0297 | ||
LT | 41.9002 | 42.0908 | |||||||
Water consumption for national economy and population purposes per inhabitant (cubic hectometres per inhabitant) | MT | 113.0577 | 120.1648 | ||||||
2017 | 132.9369 | 263.0066 | 254.8772 | below | AARC | 134.8742 | 160.4449 | X | |
LT | 116.3491 | 119.6490 | |||||||
Share of legally protected areas of special natural value in the total surface area (%) | MT | 27.2834 | 27.4026 | ||||||
2017 | 27.6064 | 34.0336 | 33.6319 | below | AARC | 27.5897 | 27.3899 | X | |
LT | 27.3431 | 27.4037 | |||||||
Share of surface areas subject to local spatial development plans in the total surface area (%) | MT | 42.7213 | 53.5182 | ||||||
2016 | 40.5465 | 30.8050 | 31.4138 | above | AARC | 42.5148 | 56.5021 | ||
LT | 40.9003 | 43.3453 | X | ||||||
Share of people inhabiting cities with a population of up to 20.000 (%) | MT | 21.0253 | 20.9549 | X | |||||
2017 | 20.9331 | 14.2476 | 14.6655 | above | AARC | 21.0714 | 22.8044 | ||
LT | 21.4383 | 21.8874 | |||||||
Share of people inhabiting cities with a population from 20.000 to 100.000 (%) | MT | 19.4408 | 19.8658 | ||||||
2017 | 18.9080 | 18.6646 | 18.6798 | above | AARC | 18.7570 | 17.0362 | ||
LT | 18.6009 | 18.0647 | X | ||||||
Share of people inhabiting cities with a population above 100.000 (%) | MT | 11.9071 | 11.6172 | ||||||
2017 | 12.9425 | 26.0318 | 25.2137 | below | AARC | 12.9970 | 13.6689 | ||
LT | 12.1342 | 12.1140 | X | ||||||
Utilised railway line density (total) (km per 100 km2 of surface area) | MT | 8.1717 | 7.3517 | X | |||||
2017 | 8.2000 | 6.4800 | 6.5875 | above | AARC | 8.1315 | 7.3525 | ||
LT | 8.4702 | 8.2748 | |||||||
Density of public roads with improved pavements (km per 100 km2 of surface area) | MT | 84.8714 | 89.8429 | ||||||
2017 | 84.9000 | 91.9600 | 91.5188 | below | AARC | 85.4694 | 92.6079 | X | |
LT | 83.7749 | 85.1423 | |||||||
Share of buses running on alternative fuel in the total number of buses used in the urban transport services (%) | MT | 33.4904 | 155.3030 | ||||||
2017 | 23.3393 | 17.6632 | 18.0180 | above | AARC | 64.6986 | 13,322,286.6 | ||
LT | 22.7295 | 45.5479 | X |
Priority Axis | Implementation of Priority Axis | Share of Total Expenditure (%) |
---|---|---|
Opolskie Voivodeship Regional Operational Programme 2007–2013 | ||
I. Improvement in the region’s economic attractiveness | 770 agreements worth PLN 1810.38 million | 50.0 |
II. Information society | 33 agreements worth PLN 148.59 million | 4.1 |
III. Transport | 118 agreements worth PLN 739.41 million | 20.4 |
IV. Environmental protection | 90 agreements worth PLN 739.41 million | 9.5 |
V. Science infrastructure and higher education | 124 agreements worth PLN 298.74 million | 8.2 |
VI. Mobilisation of urban and degraded areas | 44 agreements worth PLN 218.36 million | 6.1 |
VII. Technical aid | 14 agreements worth PLN 62.57 million | 1.7 |
Opolskie Voivodeship Regional Operational Programme 2014–2020 | ||
I. Innovations in the economy | 90 agreements worth EUR 95.7 million (PLN 440.22 million) * | 7.4 |
II. Competitive economy | 345 agreements worth EUR 126.4 million (PLN 581.44 million) * | 9.8 |
III. Low-emission economy | 140 agreements worth EUR 187.1 million (PLN 860.66 million) * | 14.5 |
IV. Hazard prevention | 6 agreements worth EUR 23.4 million (PLN 107.64 million) * | 1.8 |
V. Environmental, cultural, and natural heritage protection | 229 agreements worth EUR 127.9 million (PLN 588.34 million) * | 9.9 |
VI. Sustainable transport for the mobility of residents | 67 agreements worth EUR 252.7 million (PLN 1162.42 million) * | 19.6 |
VII. Competitive labour market | 174 agreements worth EUR 91 million (PLN 418.6 million) * | 7.1 |
VIII. Social integration | 240 agreements worth EUR 98.4 million (PLN 452.64 million) * | 7.6 |
IX. High-quality education | 238 agreements worth EUR 75.5 million (PLN 347.3 million) * | 5.8 |
X. Investments in social infrastructure | 163 agreements worth EUR 170.3 million (PLN 783.38 million) * | 13.2 |
XI. Technical aid | 24 agreements worth EUR 43 million (PLN 197.8 million) * | 3.3 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Klemens, B.; Solga, B.; Heffner, K.; Gibas, P. Environmental and Energy Conditions in Sustainable Regional Development. Energies 2022, 15, 5758. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155758
Klemens B, Solga B, Heffner K, Gibas P. Environmental and Energy Conditions in Sustainable Regional Development. Energies. 2022; 15(15):5758. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155758
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlemens, Brygida, Brygida Solga, Krystian Heffner, and Piotr Gibas. 2022. "Environmental and Energy Conditions in Sustainable Regional Development" Energies 15, no. 15: 5758. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155758