Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Water-Extracted and Aqueous Ethanol-Extracted Quinoa Stalks for Enzymatic Saccharification of Cellulose
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Material
2.2. Saponin Removal
2.3. Hydrothermal Pretreatment
2.4. Determination of the Composition of the Raw Material and Processed Solids
2.5. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
2.6. Analysis of Liquid Samples
3. Results
3.1. Saponin Removal
3.2. Pretreatment of Pre-Extracted Quinoa Stalks
3.3. Yield and Composition of the Pretreated Solids
3.4. Composition of the Pretreatment Liquids
3.5. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Codification 1 | Solvent | Temperature, °C | Time, min | H2SO4 Load, % (w/w) | Log R0(IT) 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N/A-HTP 215 | None | 215 | 1.8 | - | 3.6 |
N/SA-HTP 215 | None | 215 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 3.6 |
N/SA-HTP 200 | None | 200 | 5.0 | 0.2 | 3.6 |
W/A-HTP 215 | H2O | 215 | 1.8 | - | 3.6 |
W/SA-HTP 215 | H2O | 215 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 3.6 |
W/SA-HTP 200 | H2O | 200 | 5.0 | 0.2 | 3.6 |
E/A-HTP 215 | Aq. ethanol | 215 | 1.8 | - | 3.6 |
E/SA-HTP 215 | Aq. ethanol | 215 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 3.6 |
E/SA-HTP 200 | Aq. ethanol | 200 | 5.0 | 0.2 | 3.6 |
Extracting Solvent | Yield of Solids | Saponins | Glucan | Xylan | Arabinan | Galactan | Mannan | Lignin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | - | 5.2 (0.2) | 34.6 (1.3) | 22.7 (<0.1) | 2.2 (0.1) | 2.0 (<0.1) | 1.5 (<0.1) | 19.5 (0.1) |
Water | 86.2 | 2.5 (<0.1) | 39.0 (0.5) | 25.7 (5.0) | 1.9 (0.3) | 2.0 (0.3) | 1.8 (0.2) | 22.0 (0.7) |
Ethanol | 92.3 | 1.3 (0.1) | 36.8 (0.6) | 23.2 (0.5) | 2.1 (0.2) | 2.0 (<0.1) | 1.7 (0.1) | 20.6 (0.8) |
Pretreatment Codification 2 | Log R0(O) 3 | pH | CS 4 | Yield of Pretreated Solids, % (w/w) | Volume of the Pretreatment Liquid, mL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N/A-HTP 215 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 0.6 | 59.6 | 98 |
N/SA-HTP 215 | 4.0 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 57.0 | 196 |
N/SA-HTP 200 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 56.8 | 187 |
W/A-HTP 215 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 0.5 | 60.0 | 123 |
W/SA-HTP 215 | 4.0 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 58.4 | 162 |
W/SA-HTP 200 | 3.7 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 59.9 | 140 |
E/A-HTP 215 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 61.7 | 75 |
E/SA-HTP 215 | 3.9 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 59.5 | 151 |
E/SA-HTP 200 | 3.7 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 60.9 | 129 |
Pretreatment Codification 1 | Glucan | Xylan | Arabinan | Galactan | Mannan | Lignin 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N/A-HTP 215 | 49.5 (0.3) | 2.9 (0.6) | 0.7 (<0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.1) | 44.0 (1.8) |
N/SA-HTP 215 | 52.1 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.2) | ND | 0.6 (<0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 44.7 (0.3) |
N/SA-HTP 200 | 52.3 (0.2) | 2.7 (0.5) | ND | 0.6 (<0.1)) | 1.0 (0.3) | 43.0 (<0.1) |
W/A-HTP 215 | 56.0 (1.2) | 3.1 (0.2) | ND | 0.7 (0.1) | 1.2 (0.1) | 40.1 (0.9) |
W/SA-HTP 215 | 57.0 (0.9) | 3.2 (0.3) | ND | 0.6 (<0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) | 41.1 (1.9) |
W/SA-HTP 200 | 56.2 (1.0) | 2.2 (0.1) | ND | ND | 0.8 (<0.1) | 41.1 (2.6) |
E/A-HTP 215 | 48.3 (0.3) | 3.2 (0.1) | 0.7 (<0.1) | 0.8 (<0.1) | 1.6 (<0.1) | 43.6 (0.9) |
E/SA-HTP 215 | 51.8 (5.7) | 2.6 (0.1) | ND | 0.7 (<0.1) | 1.2 (<0.1) | 42.6 (<0.1) |
E/SA-HTP 200 | 50.3 (2.7) | 2.4 (<0.1) | ND | 0.7 (<0.1) | 1.0 (<0.1) | 44.0 (1.8) |
Pretreatment Codification 1 | Glucose | Xylose | Arabinose | Galactose | Mannose |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N/A-HTP 215 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
N/SA-HTP 215 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
N/SA-HTP 200 | 1.0 | 4.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
W/A-HTP 215 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
W/SA-HTP 215 | 0.7 | 5.9 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
W/SA-HTP 200 | 0.5 | 8.2 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.0 |
E/A-HTP 215 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
E/SA-HTP 215 | 0.6 | 4.8 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.7 |
E/SA-HTP 200 | 0.5 | 8.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
Pretreatment Codification 1 | Furfural | HMF | Formic Acid | Levulinic Acid | Acetic Acid |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N/A-HTP 215 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
N/SA-HTP 215 | 3.3 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 3.9 |
N/SA-HTP 200 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 3.7 |
W/A-HTP 215 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.8 |
W/SA-HTP 215 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 2.4 |
W/SA-HTP 200 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 2.2 |
E/A-HTP 215 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
E/SA-HTP 215 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
E/SA-HTP 200 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
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Carrasco, C.; Jönsson, L.J.; Martín, C. Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Water-Extracted and Aqueous Ethanol-Extracted Quinoa Stalks for Enzymatic Saccharification of Cellulose. Energies 2021, 14, 4102. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144102
Carrasco C, Jönsson LJ, Martín C. Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Water-Extracted and Aqueous Ethanol-Extracted Quinoa Stalks for Enzymatic Saccharification of Cellulose. Energies. 2021; 14(14):4102. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144102
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarrasco, Cristhian, Leif J. Jönsson, and Carlos Martín. 2021. "Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Water-Extracted and Aqueous Ethanol-Extracted Quinoa Stalks for Enzymatic Saccharification of Cellulose" Energies 14, no. 14: 4102. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144102