Estimation of Damage Induced by Single-Hole Rock Blasting: A Review on Analytical, Numerical, and Experimental Solutions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. A Review on Explosion Mechanism
3. Damage Pattern
- The blast hole is expanded.
- A crushed zone is formed surrounding the blast hole.
- Radial cracks penetrate through the rock, causing a cracked zone.
- Explosion-induced waves affect the surrounding environment, producing some ground vibrations.
4. Estimation of Induced Damage
4.1. Analytical Approach
4.1.1. Damage Prediction Using PPV
- Only the magnitude of the PPV is considered and the direction of the PPV is neglected.
- Only the explosive weight is taken into account, and other characteristics are ignored.
- To determine the parameters K, , and , further laboratory or in-situ tests are required, which are difficult to conduct.
4.1.2. Damage Prediction Using Borehole Pressure
Mosinets’ Model
Drukovanyi’ Model
Senuk’s Model
Szuladzinski’s Model
SveBeFo Model
Quasi-Static Model
- Step 1
- Calculate from Equation (20)
- Step 2
- Approximate a value for (this value is approximated in this step and later modified in a cyclic process)
- Step 3
- Substitute and in Equation (21) and calculate
- Step 4
- Substitute in Equation (22) and determine
- Step 5
- Step 6
- Substitute in Equation (19) to assess if equality is achieved (if so, is the final answer. Otherwise, the steps 2–6 should be repeated until the final answer is reached).
Djordjevic’s Model
Kanchibotla Model
Johnson’s Model
Modified Ash’s Model
4.2. Numerical Approach
4.3. Experimental Approach
- Primary cracks due to the high amplitude of stress waves
- Further development of cracks due to gas penetration
5. Discussion
5.1. Comparison of Different Models
5.2. Probabilistic Approaches
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Sources | Parameters | Description |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Rock characteristics | Young’s modulus of rock | |
2 | Poisson’s ratio of rock | ||
3 | Uniaxial compressive strength of rock | ||
4 | Confined compressive strength of rock | ||
5 | T | Tensile strength of rock | |
6 | Explosive characteristics | Unexploded explosive density | |
7 | Ideal detonation velocity | ||
8 | Blast hole radius | ||
9 | Effective energy of explosive |
PPV (mm/s) | Effects of Damage |
---|---|
<250 | No fracture of intact rock |
250–635 | Occurrence of minor tensile slabbing |
635–2540 | Strong tensile and some radial cracking |
>2540 | Complete break-up of rock mass |
Rock Type | Uniaxial Strength (MPa) | RQD (%) | PPV (mm/s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minor Damage | Medium Damage | Heavy Damage | |||
Soft schist | 14–30 | 20 | 130–155 | 155–355 | >355 |
Hard schist | 49 | 50 | 230–350 | 305–600 | >600 |
Shultze granite | 30–55 | 40 | 310–470 | 470–1700 | >1700 |
Granite porphyry | 30–80 | 40 | 440–775 | 775–1240 | >1240 |
PPV (m/s) | Tensile Stress (MPa) | Strain Energy (J/kg) | Typical Effect in Hard Scandinavian Bedrock |
---|---|---|---|
0.7 | 8.7 | 0.25 | Incipient swelling |
0.1 | 12.5 | 0.5 | Incipient damage |
2.5 | 31.2 | 3.1 | Fragmentation |
5 | 62.4 | 12.5 | Good fragmentation |
15 | 187 | 112.5 | Crushing |
Case No. | Rock | Explosive | P (g/cm3) | q (MJ/kg) | (km/s) | (mm) | (mm) | (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | CL | ANFO | 0.803 | 3.812 | 5.016 | 165 | 82.5 | 3.045 |
2 | CL | ANFO | 0.803 | 3.812 | 5.016 | 229 | 114.5 | 3.477 |
3 | B | ANFO | 0.803 | 3.812 | 5.016 | 102 | 51 | 2.061 |
4 | B | ANFO | 0.803 | 3.812 | 5.016 | 165 | 82.5 | 3.148 |
5 | B | ANFO | 0.803 | 3.812 | 5.016 | 229 | 114.5 | 3.595 |
6 | CL | WR ANFO | 0.994 | 3.918 | 5.829 | 51 | 25.5 | 2.016 |
7 | CL | WR ANFO | 0.994 | 3.918 | 5.829 | 102 | 51 | 4.033 |
8 | CL | WR ANFO | 0.994 | 3.918 | 5.829 | 165 | 82.5 | 4.974 |
9 | CL | WR ANFO | 0.994 | 3.918 | 5.829 | 229 | 114.5 | 5.44 |
10 | B | WR ANFO | 0.994 | 3.918 | 5.829 | 51 | 25.5 | 2.085 |
11 | B | WR ANFO | 0.994 | 3.918 | 5.829 | 102 | 51 | 4.169 |
12 | B | WR ANFO | 0.994 | 3.918 | 5.829 | 165 | 82.5 | 5.141 |
13 | B | WR ANFO | 0.994 | 3.918 | 5.829 | 229 | 114.5 | 5.623 |
Case No. | Esen et al. [2] | Il’yushin [59] | Szuladzinski [62] | Djordjevic [72] | Kanchibotla [73] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 372 | 1269 | 379 | 466 | 1192 |
2 | 564 | 1761 | 526 | 647 | 1654 |
3 | 67 | 402 | 108 | 139 | 339 |
4 | 143 | 651 | 175 | 225 | 549 |
5 | 217 | 903 | 242 | 312 | 762 |
6 | 88 | 441 | 132 | 186 | 476 |
7 | 277 | 881 | 264 | 372 | 953 |
8 | 513 | 1426 | 427 | 602 | 1541 |
9 | 756 | 1979 | 593 | 836 | 2139 |
10 | 34 | 239 | 61 | 90 | 219 |
11 | 107 | 478 | 122 | 179 | 439 |
12 | 198 | 774 | 197 | 290 | 710 |
13 | 291 | 1074 | 273 | 403 | 985 |
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Shadabfar, M.; Gokdemir, C.; Zhou, M.; Kordestani, H.; Muho, E.V. Estimation of Damage Induced by Single-Hole Rock Blasting: A Review on Analytical, Numerical, and Experimental Solutions. Energies 2021, 14, 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010029
Shadabfar M, Gokdemir C, Zhou M, Kordestani H, Muho EV. Estimation of Damage Induced by Single-Hole Rock Blasting: A Review on Analytical, Numerical, and Experimental Solutions. Energies. 2021; 14(1):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010029
Chicago/Turabian StyleShadabfar, Mahdi, Cagri Gokdemir, Mingliang Zhou, Hadi Kordestani, and Edmond V. Muho. 2021. "Estimation of Damage Induced by Single-Hole Rock Blasting: A Review on Analytical, Numerical, and Experimental Solutions" Energies 14, no. 1: 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010029