Techno-Economic Assessment of Energy Storage Technologies for Inertia Response and Frequency Support from Wind Farms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Review of the Current State of Literature Regarding Renewable Energy Sources Interfaced with Energy Storage and Their Provision of Virtual Inertia
3. Inertia Response and Frequency Support
3.1. Inertia Response
3.2. Frequency Support
4. Energy Storage Requirements, Potential Placement, and Candidate Technologies
4.1. Energy Storage System Requirements
- Sn—rated power of the wind turbine or wind farm where IR is to be implemented (in MW).
- H—equivalent inertia constant to be emulated (in seconds).
- —maximum RoCoF defined by the grid codes (in Hz/s).
- —maximum frequency deviation accepted by the grid operation code (in Hz).
4.2. Potential ESS Placement
4.3. Potential Control Strategies
4.4. Selection of Candidate ESS Technologies
5. Technical Discussion on ESS Candidates
5.1. Supercapacitors
5.2. Flywheels
5.3. Lithium Ion Batteries
- Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO or LiCoO2) released in 1991 and commercialized since 1994 by companies such as Sony and Samsung;
- Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP or LiFePO4) commercialized since 1996 by companies such as SAFT and BYD;
- Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA or LiNiCoAlO2) commercialized since 1999 by companies such as Panasonic and SAFT;
- Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO or LiMn2O4) commercialized since 2002 by companies such as NEC, Samsung, and Hitachi);
- Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC or LiNiMnCoO2) commercialized since 2001 by companies such as LG Chem, Kokam, Samsung, or Panasonic;
- Lithium Titanate (LTO or Li4Ti5O12) commercialized since 2008 by Toshiba.
6. Comparison among ESS Alternatives
6.1. Comparing Weight and Volume
6.2. Comparing Lifetime
6.3. Comparing Cost
6.4. Final Discussion
7. Conclusions
8. Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EU | European Union |
IR | Inertial response |
UCTE | Union for the co-ordination of transmission of electricity |
FS | Frequency support |
PVCCI | Power voltage current control for inertia emulation |
VSM | Virtual synchronous machine |
WT | Wind turbine |
FFR | Fast frequency response |
PLL | Phase locked loop |
ESS | Energy storage system |
RoCoF | Rate of Change of Frequency |
UK | United Kingdom |
ENTSO-E | European Network of Transmission System Operators |
DC | Direct current |
AC | Alternating current |
DFIG | Doubly-fed induction generator |
BESS | Battery energy storage system |
SC | Supercapacitor |
FESS | Flywheel energy storage system |
LiB | Lithium-ion battery |
SMES | Superconducting magnetic energy storage |
CAES | Compressed-air energy storage |
HIC | Hybrid ion capacitors |
LA | Lead-acid batteries |
NaS | Sodium sulphur batteries |
UC | Ultracapacitor |
SOC | State of charge |
SOH | State of health |
UPS | Uninterruptible power supply |
VRS | Voltage restorer systems |
LCO | Lithium cobalt oxide |
LFP | Lithium iron phosphate |
NCA | Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide |
LMO | Lithium manganese oxide |
NMC | Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide |
LTO | Lithium titanate |
CAPEX | Capital expenditure |
OPEX | Operational expenditure |
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Sn (MW) | H (s) | RoCoF (Hz/s) | Maximum Frequency Deviation (Hz) | Inertia Response Required Power (kW) | Inertia Response Required Energy (kWh) | Frequency Support for 10 s (kWh) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 1 | 3 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 60 | 0.03 | 0.17 |
Case 2 | 3 | 1 | 2.5 | 1 | 300 | 0.03 | 0.83 |
Case 3 | 3 | 8 | 0.5 | 1 | 480 | 0.27 | 1.33 |
Case 4 | 3 | 8 | 2.5 | 1 | 2400 | 0.27 | 6.67 |
Case 5 | 3 | 1 | 0.5 | 5 | 60 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
Case 6 | 3 | 1 | 2.5 | 5 | 300 | 0.17 | 0.83 |
Case 7 | 3 | 8 | 0.5 | 5 | 480 | 1.33 | 1.33 |
Case 8 | 3 | 8 | 2.5 | 5 | 2400 | 1.33 | 6.67 |
Sn (MW) | H (s) | RoCoF (Hz/s) | Maximum Frequency Deviation (Hz) | Inertia Response Required Power (MW) | Inertia Response Required Energy (kWh) | Frequency Support for 10 s (kWh) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 9 | 501 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 10 | 5.55 | 27.78 |
Case 10 | 501 | 1 | 2.5 | 1 | 50 | 5.55 | 138.89 |
Case 11 | 501 | 8 | 0.5 | 1 | 80 | 44.44 | 222.22 |
Case 12 | 501 | 8 | 2.5 | 1 | 400 | 44.44 | 1111.1 |
Case 13 | 501 | 1 | 0.5 | 5 | 10 | 27.77 | 27.78 |
Case 14 | 501 | 1 | 2.5 | 5 | 50 | 27.77 | 138.89 |
Case 15 | 501 | 8 | 0.5 | 5 | 80 | 222.22 | 222.22 |
Case 16 | 501 | 8 | 2.5 | 5 | 400 | 222.22 | 1111.1 |
H (s) | Pstorage (kW) | N | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 1 | 1 | 60 | 19,305 | 1 | 166.66 | ||
Case 2 | 1 | 300 | 20,270 | 1 | 166.66 | ||
Case 3 | 8 | 480 | 154,644 | 1 | 166.66 |
Case 1 | 0.0331 | 0.0334 |
Case 2 | 0.0348 | 0.0334 |
Case 3 | 0.2643 | 0.2666 |
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Beltran, H.; Harrison, S.; Egea-Àlvarez, A.; Xu, L. Techno-Economic Assessment of Energy Storage Technologies for Inertia Response and Frequency Support from Wind Farms. Energies 2020, 13, 3421. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133421
Beltran H, Harrison S, Egea-Àlvarez A, Xu L. Techno-Economic Assessment of Energy Storage Technologies for Inertia Response and Frequency Support from Wind Farms. Energies. 2020; 13(13):3421. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133421
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeltran, Hector, Sam Harrison, Agustí Egea-Àlvarez, and Lie Xu. 2020. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Energy Storage Technologies for Inertia Response and Frequency Support from Wind Farms" Energies 13, no. 13: 3421. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133421