Optimized Adaptive Overcurrent Protection Using Hybridized Nature-Inspired Algorithm and Clustering in Microgrids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Microgrid Protection Challenges
1.2. Literature Review
1.3. Methodology and Paper Structure
2. Adaptive Protection with Relay Coordination
2.1. Overcurrent Protection
2.2. Adaptive Overcurrent Protection
Clustering of Topologies
2.3. Protection Coordination with Optimization
2.3.1. Different Objective Functions
2.3.2. Optimization Algorithms and Constraint Handling
3. Problem Formulation and Simulation
3.1. Modified IEEE 14-Bus System
Single Element Contingencies
3.2. Load Flow and Short Circuit Analysis
3.3. Optimization Algorithm Implementation
3.3.1. Objective Function Formulation
3.3.2. Constraint Formulation
3.4. WCMFO Algorithm
3.5. Clustering for Adaptive Protection
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Symbol | Parameter |
---|---|
t | Operating time |
TDSTDS | Time dial setting |
If | Fault current |
PS | Pickup setting |
CTr | Current transformer ratio |
Standard | Curve Type | K1 | K2 | K3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ANSI/IEEE | MI—moderately inverse | 0.0515 | 0.1140 | 0.02 |
VI—very inverse | 19.61 | 0.491 | 2.0 | |
EI—extremely inverse | 28.2 | 0.1217 | 2.0 | |
NI—normally inverse | 5.95 | 0.18 | 2.0 | |
STI—short-time inverse | 0.02394 | 0.01694 | 0.02 | |
IEC-60255 | SI—standard inverse | 0.14 | 0 | 0.02 |
VI—very inverse | 13.5 | 0 | 1 | |
EI—extremely inverse | 80 | 0 | 2 | |
STI—short-time inverse | 0.05 | 0 | 0.04 | |
LTI—long-time inverse | 120 | 0 | 1 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Connected bus type | PV |
Active power | 10 MW |
Nominal voltage | 33 kV |
Power factor | 0.90 |
Synchronous reactance (xd) | 2 p.u |
Synchronous reactance (xq) | 2 p.u |
Transient reactance (xd’) | 0.3 p.u |
Sub transient reactance (xd’’) | 0.2 p.u |
Stator resistance (rstr) | 0.0 p.u |
Zero sequence reactance (x0) | 0.1 p.u |
Zero sequence resistance (r0) | 0 p.u |
Negative sequence reactance (x2) | 0.2 p.u |
Negative sequence resistance (r2) | 0 p.u |
Rotor type | Round rotor |
From Bus | To Bus | Line Impedances | Rated Voltage (kV) | Rated Current (kA) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R (p.u.) | X (p.u.) | ||||
6 | 12 | 0.1229 | 0.2558 | 33 | 1 |
6 | 13 | 0.0662 | 0.1303 | 33 | 1 |
6 | 11 | 0.0950 | 0.1989 | 33 | 1 |
12 | 13 | 0.2209 | 0.1999 | 33 | 1 |
13 | 14 | 0.1709 | 0.3480 | 33 | 1 |
9 | 14 | 0.1271 | 0.2704 | 33 | 1 |
9 | 10 | 0.0318 | 0.0845 | 33 | 1 |
10 | 11 | 0.0821 | 0.1921 | 33 | 1 |
Bus No. | Active Power (MW) | Reactive Power (MVAR) | Configuration 1 |
---|---|---|---|
12 | 6.1 | 1.6 | 3PH-D RL |
13 | 13.5 | 5.8 | 3PH-D RL |
14 | 14.9 | 5 | 3PH-D RL |
9 | 29.5 | 16.6 | 3PH-D RL |
10 | 9 | 5.8 | 3PH-D RL |
11 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 3PH-D RL |
6 | 11.2 | 7.5 | 3PH-D RL |
Topology No. | Disconnected Element | Topology No. | Disconnected Element |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Line 6–12 | 8 | Line 6–11 |
2 | Line 12–13 | 9 | none |
3 | Line 13–6 | 10 | Gen—bus 13 |
4 | Line 13–14 | 11 | Gen—bus 9 |
5 | Line 14–9 | 12 | Gen—bus 6 |
6 | Line 9–10 | 13 | Utility |
7 | Line 10–11 | 14 | All 3 DGs |
R | Load Flow Current (A) | CT Ratio | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T01 | T02 | T03 | T04 | T05 | T06 | T07 | T08 | T09 | T10 | T11 | T12 | T13 | T14 | ||
1 | - | 103 | 226 | 75 | 132 | 94 | 108 | 112 | 102 | 132 | 106 | 98 | 11 | 132 | 1500/5 |
2 | - | −103 | −226 | −75 | −132 | −94 | −108 | −112 | −102 | −132 | −106 | −98 | −11 | −132 | 500/5 |
3 | −105 | - | 122 | −29 | 27 | −11 | 6 | 11 | −2 | 27 | 3 | −7 | −20 | 26 | 500/5 |
4 | 105 | - | −122 | 29 | −27 | 11 | −6 | −11 | 2 | −27 | −3 | 7 | 20 | −26 | 1500/5 |
5 | −285 | −194 | - | −87 | −306 | −166 | −220 | −240 | −195 | −306 | −212 | −177 | 21 | −306 | 1600/5 |
6 | 120 | 134 | 63 | - | 273 | 97 | 166 | 191 | 134 | 91 | 155 | 110 | 70 | 88 | 1250/5 |
7 | −120 | −134 | −63 | - | −273 | −97 | −166 | −191 | −134 | −91 | −155 | −110 | −70 | −88 | 600/5 |
8 | −145 | −130 | −208 | −266 | - | −173 | −106 | −85 | −130 | −179 | −114 | −157 | −13 | −190 | 750/5 |
9 | 145 | 130 | 208 | 266 | - | 173 | 106 | 85 | 130 | 179 | 114 | 157 | 13 | 190 | 1500/5 |
10 | 106 | 110 | 89 | −92 | 168 | - | 177 | 243 | 110 | 138 | 94 | 145 | 9 | 155 | 2000/5 |
11 | −106 | −110 | −89 | 92 | −168 | - | −177 | −243 | −110 | −138 | −94 | −145 | −9 | −155 | 1000/5 |
12 | −94 | −87 | −124 | −155 | −26 | −183 | - | 66 | −87 | −61 | −118 | −52 | −44 | −59 | 1500/5 |
13 | 94 | 87 | 124 | 155 | 26 | 183 | - | −66 | 87 | 61 | 118 | 52 | 44 | 59 | 1000/5 |
14 | −155 | −148 | −185 | −215 | −80 | −249 | −64 | - | −149 | −120 | −180 | −111 | −63 | −114 | 800/5 |
15 | 155 | 148 | 185 | 215 | 80 | 249 | 64 | - | 149 | 120 | 180 | 111 | 63 | 114 | 2000/5 |
16 | 285 | 194 | - | 87 | 306 | 166 | 220 | 240 | 195 | 306 | 212 | 177 | −21 | 306 | 2000/5 |
Primary R | Backup R | 3 ph Near-Bus Fault | 3 ph Far-Bus Fault | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current Seen by Primary R (kA) | Current Seen by Backup R (kA) | Current Seen by Primary R (kA) | Current Seen by Backup R (kA) | ||
1 | 5 | - | - | - | - |
1 | 14 | - | - | - | - |
2 | 4 | - | - | - | - |
3 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
4 | 16 | 17.707 | 7.116 | 4.999 | 2.009 |
4 | 7 | 17.707 | 2.200 | 4.999 | 0.621 |
5 | 3 | 10.811 | 0.000 | 5.864 | 0.000 |
5 | 7 | 10.811 | 2.228 | 5.864 | 0.873 |
6 | 16 | 15.415 | 7.051 | 3.752 | 1.479 |
6 | 3 | 15.415 | 0.000 | 3.752 | 0.000 |
7 | 9 | 4.805 | 4.805 | 2.268 | 2.268 |
8 | 6 | 3.699 | 3.699 | 2.123 | 2.123 |
9 | 11 | 19.591 | 2.655 | 4.891 | 0.411 |
10 | 8 | 19.378 | 2.085 | 10.219 | 0.983 |
11 | 13 | 3.442 | 3.442 | 2.749 | 2.749 |
12 | 10 | 10.057 | 10.057 | 4.753 | 4.753 |
13 | 15 | 5.923 | 5.923 | 3.466 | 3.466 |
14 | 12 | 4.699 | 4.699 | 2.764 | 2.764 |
15 | 5 | 19.177 | 5.706 | 6.006 | 1.660 |
15 | 2 | 19.177 | 0.000 | 6.006 | 0.000 |
16 | 14 | 16.311 | 2.710 | 7.319 | 0.965 |
16 | 2 | 16.311 | 0.000 | 7.319 | 0.000 |
Ri | MRi (kA) | Ri | MRi (kA) | Ri | MRi (kA) | Ri | MRi (kA) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 17.76 | 5 | 10.28 | 9 | 17.02 | 13 | 5.55 |
2 | 3.98 | 6 | 13.84 | 10 | 17.03 | 14 | 4.41 |
3 | 4.42 | 7 | 4.55 | 11 | 3.23 | 15 | 16.99 |
4 | 14.39 | 8 | 3.48 | 12 | 9.18 | 16 | 14.87 |
Tx | STx (kA) | Tx | STx (kA) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | −16.21 | 8 | −12.65 |
2 | −16.73 | 9 | −23.62 |
3 | 1.60 | 10 | 15.77 |
4 | −13.80 | 11 | −0.09 |
5 | −13.66 | 12 | 8.98 |
6 | −12.58 | 13 | 18.70 |
7 | −14.66 | 14 | 78.93 |
Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 |
---|---|---|---|
Topology 1 Topology 2 Topology 4 Topology 5 Topology 6 Topology 7 Topology 8 Topology 9 | Topology 3 Topology 11 | Topology 10 Topology 12 Topology 13 | Topology 14 |
Algorithm | References | |
---|---|---|
Algorithm | Application | |
Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) | K. Masuda, 2010. [46] | M.M Mansour, 2007. [47] |
Particle Swarm Optimization-Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSOGSA) | S. Z. M. Hashim, 2010. [48] | A. Srivastava, 2016. [49] |
Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) | A.A Heidari, 2019. [50] | J. Yu, 2020. [51] |
Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) | S. Mirjalili, 2016. [52] | A. Wadood, 2019. [27] |
Grey Wolf Algorithm (GWO) | A. Lewis, 2014. [53] | A. Korashy, 2018. [54] |
Water Cycle—Moth Flame Algorithm (WCMFO) | S. Khalilpourazari, 2019. [45] | - |
R | PSO | PSOGSA | HHO | WOA | GWO | WCMFO | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TDS (s) | PS (A) | TDS (s) | PS (A) | TDS (s) | PS (A) | TDS (s) | PS (A) | TDS (s) | PS (A) | TDS (s) | PS (A) | |
1 | 0.18 | 3.45 | 0.05 | 9.02 | 0.20 | 1.58 | 0.18 | 2.39 | 0.14 | 3.89 | 0.14 | 3.86 |
2 | 0.36 | 1.47 | 0.18 | 1.01 | 0.21 | 1.11 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 0.21 | 1.00 | 0.16 | 1.33 |
3 | 0.40 | 1.52 | 0.15 | 1.10 | 0.20 | 2.02 | 0.24 | 2.02 | 0.24 | 2.02 | 0.25 | 1.96 |
4 | 0.66 | 1.54 | 0.05 | 7.07 | 0.19 | 1.30 | 0.19 | 1.35 | 0.19 | 1.33 | 0.18 | 1.30 |
5 | 0.14 | 2.34 | 0.25 | 1.16 | 0.21 | 1.15 | 0.23 | 1.00 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 0.22 | 1.00 |
6 | 0.44 | 5.14 | 0.24 | 2.02 | 0.19 | 2.34 | 0.18 | 2.40 | 0.09 | 6.28 | 0.11 | 5.65 |
7 | 0.23 | 3.57 | 0.26 | 1.00 | 0.20 | 2.44 | 0.25 | 1.96 | 0.24 | 2.28 | 0.22 | 2.93 |
8 | 0.41 | 3.11 | 0.14 | 1.79 | 0.20 | 1.99 | 0.21 | 1.89 | 0.15 | 3.57 | 0.20 | 2.43 |
9 | 0.21 | 4.53 | 0.28 | 1.00 | 0.20 | 2.32 | 0.19 | 2.62 | 0.22 | 2.21 | 0.10 | 6.43 |
10 | 0.27 | 5.03 | 0.11 | 5.95 | 0.20 | 2.58 | 0.20 | 2.51 | 0.11 | 7.22 | 0.12 | 6.38 |
11 | 0.28 | 2.91 | 0.05 | 7.48 | 0.20 | 2.84 | 0.14 | 2.84 | 0.14 | 3.30 | 0.12 | 3.37 |
12 | 0.30 | 5.41 | 0.39 | 1.09 | 0.20 | 2.20 | 0.15 | 3.37 | 0.10 | 6.50 | 0.10 | 5.94 |
13 | 0.16 | 7.86 | 0.34 | 3.30 | 0.20 | 3.39 | 0.15 | 3.73 | 0.06 | 9.89 | 0.05 | 9.89 |
14 | 0.32 | 4.57 | 0.45 | 1.00 | 0.20 | 2.38 | 0.19 | 2.31 | 0.25 | 1.99 | 0.18 | 3.25 |
15 | 0.10 | 6.38 | 0.53 | 1.82 | 0.20 | 2.12 | 0.17 | 2.28 | 0.09 | 4.49 | 0.06 | 6.51 |
16 | 0.42 | 4.05 | 0.39 | 1.52 | 0.20 | 1.59 | 0.18 | 1.87 | 0.10 | 5.11 | 0.10 | 5.11 |
OF | 16.8236 s | 10.0170 s | 8.6590 s | 8.2953 s | 8.1858 s | 7.7457 s |
Comparing Algorithms | The Net Gain in Total Operating Time (s) | Percentage Gain (%) |
---|---|---|
WCMFO/PSO | 9.0779 | 53.96 |
WCMFO/PSOGSA | 2.2713 | 22.67 |
WCMFO/HHO | 0.9133 | 10.55 |
WCMFO/WOA | 0.5496 | 6.63 |
WCMFO/GWO | 0.4401 | 5.38 |
R | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TDS (s) | PS (A) | TDS (s) | PS (A) | TDS (s) | PS (A) | TDS (s) | PS (A) | |
1 | 0.10 | 5.04 | 0.10 | 4.22 | 0.14 | 3.86 | 0.07 | 3.08 |
2 | 0.12 | 3.53 | 0.24 | 1.79 | 0.16 | 1.33 | 0.05 | 1.91 |
3 | 0.22 | 1.03 | 0.14 | 2.66 | 0.25 | 1.96 | 0.06 | 4.41 |
4 | 0.20 | 1.00 | 0.14 | 3.70 | 0.18 | 1.30 | 0.10 | 1.10 |
5 | 0.11 | 3.36 | 0.12 | 3.32 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 0.07 | 1.82 |
6 | 0.05 | 7.67 | 0.05 | 7.53 | 0.11 | 5.65 | 0.07 | 3.51 |
7 | 0.12 | 4.20 | 0.15 | 3.77 | 0.22 | 2.93 | 0.16 | 3.53 |
8 | 0.06 | 6.09 | 0.07 | 6.46 | 0.20 | 2.43 | 0.08 | 2.38 |
9 | 0.08 | 5.77 | 0.19 | 2.13 | 0.10 | 6.43 | 0.13 | 3.50 |
10 | 0.07 | 9.99 | 0.08 | 8.51 | 0.12 | 6.38 | 0.08 | 5.46 |
11 | 0.14 | 1.53 | 0.23 | 1.15 | 0.12 | 3.37 | 0.05 | 3.87 |
12 | 0.05 | 9.07 | 0.07 | 7.33 | 0.10 | 5.94 | 0.06 | 5.66 |
13 | 0.20 | 1.75 | 0.32 | 1.02 | 0.05 | 9.89 | 0.05 | 5.49 |
14 | 0.24 | 1.03 | 0.13 | 2.94 | 0.18 | 3.25 | 0.12 | 2.71 |
15 | 0.06 | 8.45 | 0.09 | 6.85 | 0.06 | 6.51 | 0.12 | 1.83 |
16 | 0.19 | 1.53 | 0.20 | 1.32 | 0.10 | 5.11 | 0.14 | 1.15 |
OF | 5.3431 s | 6.6272 s | 7.7457 s | 5.0519 s |
Relay | Fault Current (A) | Operating Time (s) | CTI (s) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary R | Backup R | Primary R | Backup R | Primary R | Backup R | |
1 | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
1 | 14 | - | - | - | - | - |
2 | 4 | - | - | - | - | - |
3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
4 | 16 | 17,707 | 7116 | 0.3318 | 0.5319 | 0.2001 |
4 | 7 | 17,707 | 2200 | 0.3318 | 0.5535 | 0.2217 |
5 | 3 | 10,811 | 0 | 0.3193 | - | - |
5 | 7 | 10,811 | 2228 | 0.3193 | 0.5487 | 0.2294 |
6 | 16 | 15,415 | 7051 | 0.1644 | 0.5339 | 0.3695 |
6 | 3 | 15,415 | 0 | 0.1644 | - | - |
7 | 9 | 4805 | 4805 | 0.3589 | 0.5591 | 0.2003 |
8 | 6 | 3699 | 3699 | 0.3165 | 0.5290 | 0.2126 |
9 | 11 | 19,591 | 2655 | 0.2320 | 0.4460 | 0.2140 |
10 | 8 | 19,378 | 2085 | 0.2877 | 0.5393 | 0.2516 |
11 | 13 | 3442 | 3442 | 0.3971 | 0.6008 | 0.2037 |
12 | 10 | 10,057 | 10,057 | 0.2884 | 0.4955 | 0.2070 |
13 | 15 | 5923 | 5923 | 0.4830 | 0.7231 | 0.2401 |
14 | 12 | 4699 | 4699 | 0.4948 | 0.6951 | 0.2003 |
15 | 5 | 19,177 | 5706 | 0.2308 | 0.4443 | 0.2135 |
15 | 2 | 19,177 | 0 | 0.2308 | - | - |
16 | 14 | 16,311 | 2710 | 0.3942 | 0.5953 | 0.2011 |
16 | 2 | 16,311 | 0 | 0.3942 | - | - |
Topology Number | R4 Current (Primary) (A) | R4 Operating Time (Primary) (s) | R7 Current (Backup) (A) | R7 Operating Time (Backup) (s) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Near-Bus Fault | Far-Bus Fault | Near-Bus Fault | Far-Bus Fault | Near-Bus Fault | Far-Bus Fault | Near-Bus Fault | Far-Bus Fault | |
T1 | 17,707 | 4999 | 0.3318 | 0.4872 | 2200 | 621 | 0.5535 | 3.9629 |
T2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
T3 | 10,892 | 4311 | 0.4196 | 0.7130 | 2369 | 834 | 0.6236 | 1.7050 |
T4 | 15,091 | 4263 | 0.3459 | 0.5173 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
T5 | 15,091 | 4263 | 0.3459 | 0.5173 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
T6 | 16,728 | 4381 | 0.3367 | 0.5119 | 2299 | 855 | 0.5372 | 1.5587 |
T7 | 16,728 | 4381 | 0.3367 | 0.5119 | 2299 | 855 | 0.5372 | 1.5587 |
T8 | 16,728 | 4381 | 0.3367 | 0.5119 | 2299 | 855 | 0.5372 | 1.5587 |
T9 | 17,001 | 4425 | 0.3353 | 0.5099 | 2171 | 733 | 0.5586 | 2.2033 |
T10 | 8659 | 3183 | 0.3946 | 0.5887 | 2193 | 1139 | 0.8159 | 1.2785 |
T11 | 16,495 | 4368 | 0.3535 | 0.7060 | 1849 | 591 | 0.7352 | 3.9126 |
T12 | 14,816 | 4096 | 0.3345 | 0.5242 | 2070 | 787 | 0.8430 | 1.8709 |
T13 | 15,448 | 4210 | 0.3306 | 0.5180 | 1871 | 661 | 0.8948 | 2.3909 |
T14 | 5633 | 2313 | 0.2346 | 0.3449 | 1694 | 1053 | 0.8037 | 1.2296 |
Topology Number | CTI (s) | |
---|---|---|
Near-Bus Fault | Far-Bus Fault | |
T1 | 0.22 | 3.48 |
T2 | ||
T3 | 0.20 | 0.99 |
T4 | - | - |
T5 | - | - |
T6 | 0.20 | 1.05 |
T7 | 0.20 | 1.05 |
T8 | 0.20 | 1.05 |
T9 | 0.22 | 1.69 |
T10 | 0.42 | 0.69 |
T11 | 0.38 | 3.21 |
T12 | 0.51 | 1.35 |
T13 | 0.56 | 1.87 |
T14 | 0.57 | 0.88 |
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Senarathna, T.S.S.; Hemapala, K.T.M.U. Optimized Adaptive Overcurrent Protection Using Hybridized Nature-Inspired Algorithm and Clustering in Microgrids. Energies 2020, 13, 3324. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133324
Senarathna TSS, Hemapala KTMU. Optimized Adaptive Overcurrent Protection Using Hybridized Nature-Inspired Algorithm and Clustering in Microgrids. Energies. 2020; 13(13):3324. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133324
Chicago/Turabian StyleSenarathna, Thiramuni Sisitha Sameera, and Kullappu Thantrige Manjula Udayanga Hemapala. 2020. "Optimized Adaptive Overcurrent Protection Using Hybridized Nature-Inspired Algorithm and Clustering in Microgrids" Energies 13, no. 13: 3324. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133324