Optimization of Radio Interference Levels for 500 and 600 kV Bipolar HVDC Transmission Lines †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Transmission Line Model for Corona Propagation Analysis
- Γ is the RI excitation function in dB above ;
- gmax is the maximum bundle electric field in kV/cm;
- nc is the number of sub-conductors in the bundle;
- d is the sub-conductor diameter in cm;
- n0, g0, and d0 are reference values given by n0 = 6, d0 = 4.064 cm and g0 = 25 kV/cm.
- V is the line to ground voltage in kV;
- r is the radius of each sub-conductor in cm;
- R is the bundle radius in cm;
- H is the height of the poles;
- S is the distance between poles.
- n is the number of poles;
- Ii is the current of the ith conductor;
- hi is the ith conductor height;
- xi is the ith conductor lateral distance from the center of the tower;
- x is the lateral distance of the measurement point from the center of the tower;
- y is the measurement point height above the ground;
- P is the complex depth of penetration for the ground return defined as
3. Comparison of Measured and Computed RI Profiles of an HVDC Test Line
4. Computation of RI Levels in ±500 and ±600 kV HVDC Transmission Lines
4.1. Radio Interference Lateral Profiles
4.2. Parametric Sweeps
5. Optimization of Radio Interference Levels in HVDC Lines
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Value |
---|---|
Voltage (V) | ±800 kV |
Number of poles (n) | 2 |
Conductor height (H) | 18 m |
Distance between the poles (S) | 22 m |
Number of sub-conductors in the bundle (nc) | 6 |
Bundle spacing (a) | 45 cm |
Sub-conductor radius (r) | 1.68 cm |
Ground resistivity (ρe) | 100 Ωm |
Measuring frequency (f) | 500 kHz |
Variable | Value |
---|---|
Voltage (V) | ±500 or ±600 kV |
Number of poles (n) | 2 |
Conductor height of ±500 kV line (H) | 27 m |
Conductor height of ±600 kV line (H) | 34 m |
Distance between the poles (S) for both voltage levels | 16 m |
Number of sub-conductors in the bundle (nc) | 4 |
Bundle spacing (a) | 45 cm |
Sub-conductor radius (r) | 1.71 cm |
Variable | Line of ±500 kV | Line of ±600 kV |
---|---|---|
Maximum bundle electric field (gmax) | 19.93 kV/cm | 23.83 kV/cm |
Excitation function (Γ) | 6.65 dB | 13.79 dB |
Maximum value of RI | 56.37 dB | 63.19 dB |
RI at point (x, y) = (23 m, 1.0 m) | 53.85 dB | 61.27 dB |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Population type | Double vector |
Population size | 100 |
Scaling function | Rank |
Selection function | Stochastic uniform |
Elite count | 1.5 |
Crossover fraction | 0.8 |
Mutation function | Constraint dependent |
Crossover function | Constraint dependent |
Migration direction | Forward |
Migration fraction | 0.2 |
Migration interval | 20 |
Constraint initial penalty | 10 |
Constraint penalty factor | 100 |
Variable | Lower Bound | Upper Bound | Nominal Value | Optimal Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sub-conductor radius | 1.04 cm 477 MCM | 2.21 cm 2167 MCM | 1.71 cm 1272 MCM | 2.21 cm 2167 MCM |
Bundle spacing | 20 cm | 80 cm | 45 cm | 42 cm |
Number of sub-conductors | 2 | 8 | 4 | 3 |
RI at (x, y) = (23 m, 1.0 m) | 53.85 dB | 50.23 dB | ||
Total mass of the bundle | 4 × 2135 = 8540 kg/km | 3 × 3431 = 10,293 kg/km |
Variable | Lower Bounds | Upper Bounds | Nominal Values | Optimal Values |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sub-conductor radius | 1.04 cm 477 MCM | 2.21 cm 2167 MCM | 1.71 cm 1272 MCM | 2.21 cm 2167 MCM |
Bundle spacing | 20 cm | 80 cm | 45 cm | 38 cm |
Number of sub-conductors | 2 | 8 | 4 | 4 |
RI at (x, y) = (23 m, 1.0 m) | 61.27 dB | 58.88 dB | ||
Total mass of the bundle | 4 × 2135 = 8540 kg/km | 4 × 3431 = 13,724 kg/km |
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Tejada-Martinez, C.; Espino-Cortes, F.P.; Ilhan, S.; Ozdemir, A. Optimization of Radio Interference Levels for 500 and 600 kV Bipolar HVDC Transmission Lines. Energies 2019, 12, 3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163187
Tejada-Martinez C, Espino-Cortes FP, Ilhan S, Ozdemir A. Optimization of Radio Interference Levels for 500 and 600 kV Bipolar HVDC Transmission Lines. Energies. 2019; 12(16):3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163187
Chicago/Turabian StyleTejada-Martinez, Carlos, Fermin P. Espino-Cortes, Suat Ilhan, and Aydogan Ozdemir. 2019. "Optimization of Radio Interference Levels for 500 and 600 kV Bipolar HVDC Transmission Lines" Energies 12, no. 16: 3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163187
APA StyleTejada-Martinez, C., Espino-Cortes, F. P., Ilhan, S., & Ozdemir, A. (2019). Optimization of Radio Interference Levels for 500 and 600 kV Bipolar HVDC Transmission Lines. Energies, 12(16), 3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163187