Association between the Perceived Household Financial Decline Due to COVID-19 and Smartphone Dependency among Korean Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Participants
2.3. Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Smartphone Dependency | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Yes | No | p-Value | ||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Total (N = 53,534) | 53,534 | 100.0 | 13,404 | 25.0 | 40,130 | 75.0 | |
Household financial decline due to COVID-19 | <0.0001 | ||||||
No financial decline | 15,923 | 29.7 | 3187 | 20.0 | 12,736 | 80.0 | |
Mild financial decline | 21,350 | 39.9 | 5614 | 26.3 | 15,736 | 73.7 | |
Moderate financial decline | 13,189 | 24.6 | 3671 | 27.8 | 9518 | 72.2 | |
Severe financial decline | 3072 | 5.7 | 932 | 30.3 | 2140 | 69.7 | |
Gender | <0.0001 | ||||||
Boys | 27,687 | 51.7 | 5697 | 20.6 | 21,990 | 79.4 | |
Girls | 25,847 | 48.3 | 7707 | 29.8 | 18,140 | 70.2 | |
School grade (mean: 15.0, SD: 1.7) | <0.0001 | ||||||
7th grade | 9800 | 18.3 | 1866 | 19.0 | 7934 | 81.0 | |
8th grade | 9331 | 17.4 | 2298 | 24.6 | 7033 | 75.4 | |
9th grade | 9161 | 17.1 | 2519 | 27.5 | 6642 | 72.5 | |
10th grade | 8687 | 16.2 | 2188 | 25.2 | 6499 | 74.8 | |
11th grade | 8669 | 16.2 | 2414 | 27.8 | 6255 | 72.2 | |
12th grade | 7886 | 14.7 | 2119 | 26.9 | 5767 | 73.1 | |
Household income | <0.0001 | ||||||
High | 20,895 | 39.0 | 4758 | 22.8 | 16,137 | 77.2 | |
Mid | 25,738 | 48.1 | 6575 | 25.5 | 19,163 | 74.5 | |
Low | 6901 | 12.9 | 2071 | 30.0 | 4830 | 70.0 | |
Financial support | <0.0001 | ||||||
Yes | 5322 | 9.9 | 1464 | 27.5 | 3858 | 72.5 | |
No | 48,212 | 90.1 | 11,940 | 24.8 | 36,272 | 75.2 | |
Family status | 0.0003 | ||||||
Living with family | 51,048 | 95.4 | 12,859 | 25.2 | 38,189 | 74.8 | |
Living without family | 2486 | 4.6 | 545 | 21.9 | 1941 | 78.1 | |
COVID-19 infected city | <0.0001 | ||||||
Low | 8957 | 16.7 | 2341 | 26.1 | 6616 | 73.9 | |
Mid | 19,568 | 36.6 | 4657 | 23.8 | 14,911 | 76.2 | |
High | 25,009 | 46.7 | 6406 | 25.6 | 18,603 | 74.4 | |
Academic level | <0.0001 | ||||||
High | 19,767 | 36.9 | 4184 | 21.2 | 15,583 | 78.8 | |
Mid | 16,241 | 30.3 | 3824 | 23.5 | 12,417 | 76.5 | |
Low | 17,526 | 32.7 | 5396 | 30.8 | 12,130 | 69.2 | |
Perceived stress | <0.0001 | ||||||
Less | 11,647 | 21.8 | 1674 | 14.4 | 9973 | 85.6 | |
Much | 41,887 | 78.2 | 11,730 | 28.0 | 30,157 | 72.0 | |
Practicing exercise | <0.0001 | ||||||
Yes | 41,786 | 78.1 | 9510 | 22.8 | 32,276 | 77.2 | |
No | 11,748 | 21.9 | 3894 | 33.1 | 7854 | 66.9 | |
Sleep duration (mean: 6.2, SD: 1.5) | <0.0001 | ||||||
≤7 h | 45,660 | 85.3 | 12,139 | 26.6 | 33,521 | 73.4 | |
8–10 h | 7833 | 14.6 | 1262 | 16.1 | 6571 | 83.9 | |
≥11 h | 41 | 0.1 | 3 | 7.3 | 38 | 92.7 | |
Family affluence (mean: 7.1, SD: 2.0) | 0.0024 | ||||||
High (≥10 points) | 5630 | 10.5 | 1404 | 24.9 | 4226 | 75.1 | |
Mid (6–9 points) | 37,299 | 69.7 | 9480 | 25.4 | 27,819 | 74.6 | |
Low (≤5 points) | 10,605 | 19.8 | 2520 | 23.8 | 8085 | 76.2 | |
BMI | <0.0001 | ||||||
Under-, normal weight | 41,324 | 77.2 | 10,566 | 25.6 | 30,758 | 74.4 | |
Overweight, obesity | 12,210 | 22.8 | 2838 | 23.2 | 9372 | 76.8 |
Variables | Smartphone Dependency, Low-Risk Group | ||||||||
Household Financial Decline Due to COVID-19 | |||||||||
Mild Financial Decline | Moderate Financial Decline | Severe Financial Decline | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
Gender | |||||||||
Boys | 1.35 | (1.25 | 1.46) | 1.28 | (1.16 | 1.42) | 1.25 | (1.09 | 1.44) |
Girls | 1.37 | (1.26 | 1.50) | 1.57 | (1.43 | 1.73) | 1.80 | (1.54 | 2.10) |
Financial support | |||||||||
Yes | 1.24 | (0.98 | 1.57) | 1.08 | (0.86 | 1.36) | 1.32 | (0.98 | 1.77) |
No | 1.36 | (1.28 | 1.45) | 1.46 | (1.36 | 1.56) | 1.48 | (1.33 | 1.65) |
Variables | Smartphone Dependency, High-Risk Group | ||||||||
Household Financial Decline Due to COVID-19 | |||||||||
Mild Financial Decline | Moderate Financial Decline | Severe Financial Decline | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
Gender | |||||||||
Boys | 0.97 | (0.76 | 1.22) | 1.01 | (0.78 | 1.31) | 2.09 | (1.54 | 2.83) |
Girls | 1.22 | (1.02 | 1.45) | 1.40 | (1.14 | 1.72) | 3.11 | (2.32 | 4.16) |
Financial support | |||||||||
Yes | 0.76 | (0.41 | 1.41) | 1.00 | (0.56 | 1.78) | 2.01 | (1.05 | 3.86) |
No | 1.14 | (0.98 | 1.32) | 1.23 | (1.04 | 1.45) | 2.56 | (2.05 | 3.21) |
Variables | Smartphone Dependency | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smartphone Use (>2 h/Day) | Family Conflict Due to Smart Phone Use | Social Conflicts Due to Smart Phone Use | Difficulty in Work Due to Smart Phone Use | |||||||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||||
Year | ||||||||||||
2017 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
2020 | 1.85 | (1.80 | 1.91) | 0.95 | (0.93 | 0.97) | 1.09 | (1.05 | 1.14) | 0.91 | (0.89 | 0.93) |
Household income | ||||||||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Mid | 1.06 | (1.03 | 1.09) | 0.94 | (0.91 | 0.96) | 0.87 | (0.83 | 0.92) | 0.96 | (0.94 | 0.98) |
Low | 1.21 | (1.17 | 1.26) | 1.07 | (1.03 | 1.10) | 1.05 | (0.98 | 1.12) | 1.07 | (1.04 | 1.10) |
Year × Household income | ||||||||||||
2017 × High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
2020 × Mid | 1.02 | (0.99 | 1.04) | 0.98 | (0.95 | 1.00) | 1.00 | (0.95 | 1.05) | 0.97 | (0.95 | 1.00) |
2020 × Low | 1.01 | (0.97 | 1.05) | 1.06 | (1.03 | 1.10) | 1.06 | (0.99 | 1.13) | 1.04 | (1.01 | 1.07) |
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Share and Cite
Jung, Y.H.; Kim, S.Y.; Jang, S.-I.; Park, E.-C.; Shin, J.; Suh, J. Association between the Perceived Household Financial Decline Due to COVID-19 and Smartphone Dependency among Korean Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063303
Jung YH, Kim SY, Jang S-I, Park E-C, Shin J, Suh J. Association between the Perceived Household Financial Decline Due to COVID-19 and Smartphone Dependency among Korean Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063303
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung, Yun Hwa, Soo Young Kim, Sung-In Jang, Eun-Cheol Park, Jaeyong Shin, and Junghwan Suh. 2022. "Association between the Perceived Household Financial Decline Due to COVID-19 and Smartphone Dependency among Korean Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063303