The Impact of COVID-19 on the Health-Related Behaviours, Mental Well-Being, and Academic Engagement of a Cohort of Undergraduate Students in an Irish University Setting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Survey Implementation and Data Collection Procedure
2.3. Questionnaire Instrument
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Demographics
3.2. Health-Related Behaviours
3.2.1. General Health
3.2.2. Physical Activity
3.2.3. Body Mass Index
3.2.4. Nutrition & Alcohol
3.2.5. Sleep
3.3. Mental Well-Being
3.4. Educational Experience & Academic Engagement
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Timepoint | COVID-19 Timeline | Corresponding Months & Cohort Academic Year | COVID-19 Status |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline (T0) | Prior to the onset of COVID-19 | September–December 2019, Year 1 Semester 1 | No restrictions in place |
Timepoint 1 (T1) | The onset of COVID-19 | March–May 2020, Year 1 Semester 2 | Emergency transition to remote delivery |
Timepoint (T2) | During COVID-19 | September–December 2020, Year 2 Semester 2 | Blended model with second transition to remote delivery in October |
Timepoint (T3) | The time of data collection | April–June 2021 | Remote or blended model, dependent on the academic Dept./discipline |
Thematic Area | Questionnaire Item | Adapted from (Where Relevant) | Questionnaire Item Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic information | Gender/Age (self-reported in years) | ‘Male’, ‘Female’, ‘Prefer not to say’, ‘Other’/Continuous | |
Academic grade achieved in semester 1 of year 2 (T2) | [15] | ‘Less than 40%’, ‘40–59%’, ‘60–69%’, ‘70% or above’, ‘Do not know’, ‘I would rather not provide this information’ and ‘Other’ | |
Health-related behaviours | |||
General Health | Overall general health rating (5-point Likert Scale) | ‘Very good’, ‘Good’, ‘Neither good nor poor’, ‘Poor’, ‘Very poor’ | |
Physical Activity | Impact of COVID-19 on PA levels | ‘Yes’, ‘No’ | |
Impact of COVID-19 on PA/sedentary levels, frequency and duration during (T0–T3) | ‘Increased’, ‘Decreased’, ‘Stayed the same’ | ||
BMI | Self-reported body mass & height measurements/Perceived BMI category | Students could answer in imperial or metric values. Options available: ‘underweight’, ‘normal weight’, ‘overweight’ or ‘obese’ | |
Change in body mass/Gained or lost body mass/Feelings towards body mass | Have you noticed a change in your body mass during COVID-19? ‘yes’, ‘no- I have stayed the same’, ‘do not know’, ‘gained body mass’, ‘lost body mass’, ‘stayed the same’/ ‘Very good’, ‘Good’, ‘Neither good nor poor’, ‘Poor’, ‘Very poor’ | ||
Nutrition | Eleven newly devised lockdown dietary habits statements such as: ‘I have more time to prepare meals’, ‘I have more set mealtimes’, ‘I don’t eat as many takeaways’, ‘I sometimes eat because I am bored’ | Likert scale reporting level of agreement: ‘Strongly Agree’, ‘Agree’, ‘Neither Agree nor Disagree’, ‘Disagree’, ‘Strongly Disagree’, ‘Not Applicable’ | |
Daily fruit & veg intake across timepoints | Self-reported sliding scale to indicate habitual daily portions (range 0–10) across timepoints T0–T3 | ||
Alcohol | AUDIT-C scale | [23] | ‘How often do you have a drink containing alcohol?’ ‘How many units of alcohol do you drink on a typical day when you are drinking?’ ‘How often have you had 6 or more units if female, or 8 or more if male, on a single occasion in the last year?’ Scores are calculated using a scoring scale with answers equivalent to a number. Calculated score thresholds of 5 or more for females and 6 or more for males to constitute hazardous drinking (Davoren et al., 2015). |
Impact of COVID-19 on drinking habits/did habits change during level-5 lockdowns | ‘Yes’, ‘No’ If yes: Did your drinking volumes and/or frequency Nominal: ‘Increased’, ‘Decreased’ | ||
Sleep | Sleep quality across (T0–T3) (5-point Likert Scale) | ‘Very good’, ‘Good’, ‘Neither good nor poor’, ‘Poor’, ‘Very poor’, ‘I would rather not say’ | |
Sleep duration at the time of data collection | [15] | ‘Less than 4 hours’, ‘4 h’, ‘5 h’, ‘6 h’, ‘7 h’, ‘8 h’, ‘9 h or more’ | |
Changes in sleep duration across (T0–T3) | ‘More sleep’, ‘Less sleep’, ‘Stayed the same’, ‘I don’t know’ | ||
Mental Well-being | |||
Perceived mental well-being/WHO-5 | Personal rating of mental well-being (5-point Likert Scale) | [15] | ‘Very good’, ‘Good’, ‘Neither good nor poor’, ‘Poor’, ‘Very poor’, ‘I would rather not say’ |
Current and/or past receipt of mental well-being supports | ‘Yes’, ‘No’, ‘I would rather not say’ | ||
Source, type, and time period of support received | ‘Ongoing’, ‘Within the last month’, ‘Within the last 6 months’, ‘Within the last year’, ‘More than 1 year ago’ | ||
WHO-5 well-being index | [24] | ||
Academic Engagement | |||
Educational experience & academic engagement | Experience when entering university, ‘socially’, ‘academically’/student’s ‘sense of belonging’ perceived university experience across timepoints: (T0-T3)/Rating of remote learning experience during applicable timepoints (T1, T2, T3)/‘Communication with lecturers’, ‘Using online learning management’, ‘Communication with classmates’, ‘Accessing supports’, ‘Attending online lectures/webinars’ | ‘Very good’, ‘Good’, ‘Neither good nor poor’, ‘Poor’, ‘Very poor’, ‘Not Applicable’ | |
Daily technology use—weekday (Mon-Fri), weekend (Sat-Sun) | ‘Less than 1 h’, ‘1–3 h’, ‘3–5 h’, ‘5–7 h’, ‘7–9 h’, ‘9–11 h’, ‘More than 11 h’ |
Total | Males | Females | Other * | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Age (years) | 18–20 | 149 | 56.0 | 42 | 55.3 | 104 | 56.2 | 3 | 60.0 |
21–23 | 70 | 26.3 | 21 | 27.6 | 48 | 25.9 | 1 | 20.0 | |
24+ | 47 | 17.7 | 13 | 17.1 | 33 | 17.8 | 1 | 20.0 | |
Total | 266 | 76 | 185 | 5 | |||||
Self-reported academic grade category Year 1 Semester 1 (pre-COVID) | Less than 40% | 3 | 1.1 | 1 | 1.3 | 2 | 1.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
40–59% | 33 | 12.4 | 15 | 19.7 | 17 | 9.2 | 1 | 20.0 | |
60–69% | 109 | 41.0 | 29 | 38.2 | 78 | 42.2 | 2 | 40.0 | |
70% or above | 90 | 33.8 | 22 | 29.0 | 67 | 36.2 | 1 | 20.0 | |
Do not know | 25 | 9.4 | 7 | 9.2 | 18 | 9.7 | 0 | 0.0 | |
I would rather not provide this information | 6 | 2.3 | 2 | 2.6 | 3 | 1.6 | 1 | 20.0 | |
Total | 266 | 76 | 185 | 5 |
Lifestyle Factor | Category | Total | Males | Female | Other | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
In general, would you say your health is? | Good or very good | 193 | 72.6 | 58 | 76.3 | 131 | 70.8 | 4 | 80.0 |
Higher-grade category | 142 | 71.4 | 37 | 72.5 | 102 | 70.3 | 3 | 100.0 | |
Lower-grade category | 29 | 80.6 | 15 | 93.8 | 14 | 73.7 | 0 | 0.0 | |
BMI Category | Overweight or obese | 96 | 40.5 | 23 | 32.9 | 71 | 43.8 | 2 | 40.0 |
Higher-grade category | 75 | 42.9 | 17 | 36.9 | 57 | 45.3 | 1 | 33.3 | |
Lower-grade category | 11 | 32.3 | 3 | 20.0 | 7 | 38.9 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Have you noticed a change in your body mass during COVID-19? | Yes | 194 | 72.9 | 51 | 67.1 | 139 | 75.1 | 4 | 80.0 |
Do you feel you have gained body mass? | 152 | 78.4 | 39 | 76.5 | 110 | 79.1 | 3 | 75.0 | |
Higher-grade category | 114 | 80.9 | 27 | 81.8 | 86 | 81.8 | 1 | 50.0 | |
Lower-grade category | 21 | 70.0 | 7 | 63.6 | 13 | 72.2 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Generally, did you get more or less sleep during the stay-at-home periods? | More sleep | 111 | 41.7 | 29 | 38.2 | 80 | 43.2 | 2 | 40.0 |
Higher-grade category | 83 | 41.7 | 19 | 37.3 | 64 | 44.1 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Lower-grade category | 19 | 52.8 | 7 | 43.8 | 11 | 57.9 | 1 | 100 | |
AUDIT-C Categorised Drinking Risk | Higher risk drinking: Score of 5+ for females, 6+ for males. | 107 | 48.9 | 39 | 63.9 | 65 | 42.2 | 3 | 75.0 |
Higher-grade category | 76 | 46.9 | 26 | 34.2 | 48 | 63.2 | 2 | 66.7 | |
Lower-grade category | 19 | 63.3 | 7 | 36.8 | 12 | 63.2 | 0 | 0.0 | |
How would you rate your current mental well-being? | Good or very good | 112 | 42.1 | 38 | 50.0 | 73 | 39.5 | 1 | 20.0 |
Higher-grade category | 92 | 46.2 | 29 | 56.9 | 62 | 42.8 | 1 | 33.3 | |
Lower-grade category | 11 | 30.6 | 8 | 50.0 | 3 | 15.8 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Can you estimate how long you spend on your phone in a typical day? | 5+ h | 101 | 38.0 | 24 | 31.5 | 77 | 41.6 | 0 | 0.0 |
Higher-grade category | 79 | 39.7 | 16 | 27.1 | 60 | 41.4 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Lower-grade category | 36 | 44.4 | 5 | 31.3 | 11 | 57.9 | 1 | 100.0 |
Independent Variable | B | Sig | OR | 95% CI− | 95% CI+ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender Female Male | −0.07 | 0.90 | 1.00 0.94 | 0.33 | 2.64 |
Age group 18–20 21–23 ≥24 | −0.22 2.09 | 0.12 | 1.00 0.81 8.10 | 0.26 1.83 | 2.54 35.84 |
Feelings about body mass Good/very good Neither good nor poor Poor/very poor | −1.00 1.59 | 0.00 | 1.00 0.367 4.88 | 0.11 1.15 | 1.22 20.68 |
Perceived BMI Category Underweight/normal weight Overweight/Obese | 1.74 | 0.03 | 1.00 5.73 | 1.25 | 26.21 |
Dietary Statement ‘I sometimes eat because I am bored’ Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Strongly disagree/disagree | −1.50 −2.04 −3.75 | 0.00 | 1.00 0.22 0.13 0.02 | 0.07 0.02 0.00 | 0.74 0.83 0.16 |
Changes in sleep during stay-at-home period Stayed the same or don’t know More sleep Less sleep | 1.86 0.97 | 0.01 | 1.00 6.43 2.63 | 1.97 0.61 | 20.99 11.39 |
Sleep quality during stay-at-home period Good/very good Neither good nor poor Poor/very poor | −0.23 −1.49 | 0.08 | 1.00 0.80 0.23 | 0.21 0.06 | 3.05 0.85 |
Constant | 1.25 | 0.43 | 3.49 |
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Sheedy O’Sullivan, E.; McCarthy, K.-M.; O’Neill, C.; Walton, J.; Bolger, L.; Bickerdike, A. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Health-Related Behaviours, Mental Well-Being, and Academic Engagement of a Cohort of Undergraduate Students in an Irish University Setting. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316096
Sheedy O’Sullivan E, McCarthy K-M, O’Neill C, Walton J, Bolger L, Bickerdike A. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Health-Related Behaviours, Mental Well-Being, and Academic Engagement of a Cohort of Undergraduate Students in an Irish University Setting. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):16096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316096
Chicago/Turabian StyleSheedy O’Sullivan, Elaine, Karrie-Marie McCarthy, Cian O’Neill, Janette Walton, Lisa Bolger, and Andrea Bickerdike. 2022. "The Impact of COVID-19 on the Health-Related Behaviours, Mental Well-Being, and Academic Engagement of a Cohort of Undergraduate Students in an Irish University Setting" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 16096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316096