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Volume 17
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Article

Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Cardiac Autonomic Responses: A Cross-Sectional Study

by
Nadeen Makhoul
1,
Ishay Avivi
1,
Sapir Barak Lanciano
1,
Ella Haber Kaptsenel
1,
Hana Bishara
1,
Hagar Palacci
1,
Chen Chaiat
1,
Giris Jacob
1,2,† and
Udi Nussinovitch
1,3,*
1
Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
2
Departments of Medicine F and J, Recanati Autonomic Dysfunction Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
3
Department of Cardiology and Applicative Cardiovascular Research Center (ACRC), Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(22), 8571; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228571
Submission received: 10 September 2020 / Revised: 26 October 2020 / Accepted: 16 November 2020 / Published: 19 November 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Neural Regulation in Adults from Daily Life to Occupational Environment)
Versions Notes

Abstract

It has been suggested that some of the adverse, long-term cardiovascular outcomes of smoking are mediated by impaired autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Yet, this association is currently inconclusive. Heart rate variability (HRV) and the deep breathing test (DBT) represent common quantitative markers of ANS activity due to their simplicity and reliability. This large cross-sectional study was designed to assess the effect of active smoking on ANS function as manifested by HRV or DBT abnormalities. Electrocardiograms were recorded at rest for 5 min and during forced metronomic breathing. HRV and DBT were calculated according to accepted standards. Participants were divided into two groups based on current smoking status. The study included 242 healthy volunteers (196 nonsmokers and 46 smokers). There were no significant differences in age, sex, and BMI between groups. Cumulative smoking exposure burden (CSEB) for the study group was 5.3 ± 1.3 pack-years. Comparative analysis of HRV and DBT parameters according to smoking status revealed no significant differences between groups. Significant (p < 0.05), yet weak or moderate correlations (r < 0.7) were found between CSEB and abnormal change in HRV parameters consistent with sympathetic overactivity and decreased parasympathetic tone. In conclusion, smoking for a relatively short period in healthy adults does not seem to lead to significant impairment in ANS function. Yet, the consequences of smoking seem to be amplified when cumulative exposure burden increases.
Keywords: cigarette smoking; nicotine; autonomic nervous system; heart rate variability; deep breathing test cigarette smoking; nicotine; autonomic nervous system; heart rate variability; deep breathing test

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Makhoul, N.; Avivi, I.; Barak Lanciano, S.; Haber Kaptsenel, E.; Bishara, H.; Palacci, H.; Chaiat, C.; Jacob, G.; Nussinovitch, U. Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Cardiac Autonomic Responses: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228571

AMA Style

Makhoul N, Avivi I, Barak Lanciano S, Haber Kaptsenel E, Bishara H, Palacci H, Chaiat C, Jacob G, Nussinovitch U. Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Cardiac Autonomic Responses: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(22):8571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228571

Chicago/Turabian Style

Makhoul, Nadeen, Ishay Avivi, Sapir Barak Lanciano, Ella Haber Kaptsenel, Hana Bishara, Hagar Palacci, Chen Chaiat, Giris Jacob, and Udi Nussinovitch. 2020. "Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Cardiac Autonomic Responses: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22: 8571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228571

APA Style

Makhoul, N., Avivi, I., Barak Lanciano, S., Haber Kaptsenel, E., Bishara, H., Palacci, H., Chaiat, C., Jacob, G., & Nussinovitch, U. (2020). Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Cardiac Autonomic Responses: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228571

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