Physical Activity, Step Counts, and Grip Strength in the Chinese Children and Families Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Handgrip Dynamometry
2.2. Pedometry
2.3. Past Year Physical Activity Recall Instrument
2.4. Data and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Dynamometry
3.2. Pedometry
3.3. Physical Activity Questionnaire
3.4. Mother–Offspring Correlations
3.5. Correlations between Pedometry, Strength, and PAQ Measures
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Urban | Rural | p-Values 5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother | Offspring | Mother | Offspring | ||||
Male | Female | Male 2 | Female | ||||
N | 52 | 33 | 18 | 39 | 13 | 27 | |
Age (years) 1 | 38.7 a (2.2) | 15.2 b (0.7) | 15.1 b (0.7) | 41.6 c (4.8) | 15.0 b (0.4) | 15.4 b (0.7) | <0.0001 |
Height (m) 1 | 1.57 a (0.05) | 1.71 b (0.05) | 1.62 c (0.04) | 1.57 a (0.05) | 1.70 b (0.03) | 1.6 c (0.06) | <0.0001 |
Weight (kg) 1 | 55.4 (8) b | 63.7 (11) a | 54.9 (10) b | 63.1 (9) a | 60.4 (10) a,b | 58.0 (9) a,b | <0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) 1 | 22.4 (2.9) b | 21.9 (3.8) b | 21.0 (3.8) b | 25.6 (3.6) a | 21.0 (3.5) b | 22.3 (3.2) b | <0.0001 |
M + F Combined | M + F Combined | ||||||
Attending School (%) | 5.8% | 88.5% | 2.6% | 97.5% | |||
Working (%) 3 | 92.3% | 13.5% | 23.1% 4 | 22.5% |
Urban | Rural | p-Values 3 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother | Offspring | Mother | Offspring | ||||
Male | Female | Male | Female | ||||
N | 52 | 33 | 19 | 39 | 13 | 27 | |
Maximum Grip Strength (Kg) 1 | |||||||
Left Hand 2 | 28.3 (4.8) b | 41.4 (6.9) a | 24.9 (3.4) b | 25.5 (4.9) b | 41.7 (6.3) a | 27.5 (5.5) b | <0.0001 |
Right Hand | 29.8 (4.9) b | 43.8 (6.0) a | 26.8 (3.9) b | 26.7 (4.9) b | 45.5 (7.2) a | 28.7 (5.9) b | <0.0001 |
Combined | 58.1 (9.4) b | 85.2 (12.4) a | 51.7 (7.2) b | 52.2 (9.4) b | 87.2 (13.1) a | 56.1 (11.2) b | <0.0001 |
Average Grip Strength (Kg) 1 | |||||||
Left Hand 2 | 26.1 (4.5) b | 37.8 (6.3) a | 22.7 (3.5) b | 23.3 (4.8) b | 39.2 (6.5) a | 25.0 (4.9) b | <0.0001 |
Right Hand | 27.6 (4.7) b | 40.2 (5.7) a | 24.1 (3.9) b | 24.5 (5.3) b | 42.9 (7.2) a | 26.5 (5.8) b | <0.0001 |
Combined | 53.7 (9.0) b | 78.0 (11.6) a | 46.8 (7.3)b | 47.83 (9.8) b | 82.1 (13.3) a | 51.5 (10.6) b | <0.0001 |
Urban | Rural | p-Values 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother | Offspring | Mother | Offspring | ||||
Male | Female | Male | Female | ||||
N | 51 | 33 | 18 | 39 | 12 | 27 | |
Average Step Count per day 1 | |||||||
Total Week | 7327 (3264) | 7275 (3160) | 7860 (2012) | 7506 (3717) | 9507 (3070) | 8040 (2434) | 0.301 |
Weekday | 7419 (3457) | 7813 (3639) | 8065 (2970) | 7584 (3722) | 9423 (3226) | 8131 (2440) | 0.557 |
Saturday | 7375 (4295) a,b | 4935 (4162) b | 6299 (3358) a,b | 7605 (5676) a,b | 10,322 (4311) a | 7980 (3469) a,b | 0.007 |
Sunday | 6816 (3460) | 5493 (5189) | 5595 (3743) | 7021 (4586) | 9118 (2526) | 7640 (5748) | 0.136 |
Weekend | 7096 (3340) a,b | 5214 (4141) b | 5947 (2390) a,b | 7312 (4372) a,b | 9720 (3063) a | 7810 (3989) a,b | 0.006 |
Urban | Rural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activity Domain | Mother | Offspring | Mother | Offspring | ||
Mean Minutes (SD) 1 | M | F | M | F | ||
N | 52 | 33 | 19 | 39 | 13 | 27 |
Occupational (OA) | 397 (176) | 23 (105) | 53 (160) | 56 (174) | 51 (129) | 66 (192) |
Caregiving (CCAA) | 3 (11) | 1 (7) | 2 (8) | 32 (126) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) |
Farming (FA) | 15 (41) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 186 (188) | 0 (1) | 1 (3) |
Household (HA) | 327 (133) | 200 (146) | 203 (129) | 395 (213) | 225 (243) | 199 (241) |
Leisure/Rec. (LREA) | 2 (12) | 23 (35) | 15 (24) | 3 (19) | 4 (7) | 10 (20) |
School (SA) | 3 (15) | 312 (164) | 329 (170) | 3 (19) | 490 (297) | 569 (216) |
Transportation (TA) | 28 (22) | 18 (21) | 13 (12) | 46 (44) | 8 (13) | 8 (10) |
Walking (WA) | 23 (30) | 15 (14) | 15 (16) | 30 (43) | 15 (18) | 43 (64) |
Mean hours Reported | 800 (150) | 593 (133) | 631 (116) | 750 (391) | 792 (374) | 897 (499) |
Hours/day (Range) 2 | 5–17 | 6–15 | 8–14 | 3–39 | 2–24 | 4–39 |
MET hrs/d per day | 25.5 (7.99) | 20.4 (5.87) | 20.5 (5.82) | 33.0 (21.90) | 25.0 (11.82) | 30.1 (16.14) |
MET hrs/d (Range) | 9–51 | 10–36 | 11–41 | 5–118 | 3–44 | 9–66 |
Hours Per Day 1 | Urban | Rural | p-Value 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother | Offspring | Mother | Offspring | ||||
M | F | M | F | ||||
N | 52 | 33 | 19 | 39 | 13 | 27 | |
Sleep | 7.5 (1.0) | 7.6 (1.0) | 7.3 (0.9) | 8.0 (1.9) | 7.5 (1.0) | 7.0 (2.4) | 0.2246 |
Sedentary | 8.0 (3.7) a | 7.6 (2.0) a | 8.2 (2.2) a | 4.3 (2.7) c | 10.7 (5.2) a,b | 12.0 (6.6) b | 0.0001 |
Light | 3.9 (3.0) a,b | 1.3 (1.8) c | 1.4 (0.9) c | 4.5 (3.1) a | 1.8 (2.3) b,c | 1.6 (2.2) c | 0.0001 |
Moderate plus | 1.4 (2.2) a | 1.0 (0.8) a | 0.9 (2.1) a | 3.8 (3.9) b | 0.7 (0.5) a | 1.3 (1.4) a | 0.0001 |
Vigorous | |||||||
Total Hours | 20.8 (2.7) a,b | 17.5 (2.2) b | 17.9 (2.1) a,b | 20.5 (6.4) a,b | 20.7 (6.6) a,b | 20.9 (9.2) b | 0.0076 |
Activity Intensity 1 | Urban | Rural | p-Value 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mothers | Offspring | Mothers | Offspring | ||||
M | F | M | F | ||||
N | 52 | 33 | 19 | 39 | 13 | 27 | |
Sleep | 7.1 (1.0) | 7.2 (0.9) | 7.0 (0.8) | 7.6 (1.8) | 7.2 (0.9) | 6.6 (2.3) | 0.2246 |
Sedentary | 11.0 (5.2) a | 12.6 (3.6) a | 13.7 (4.0) a,b | 5.8 (3.9) d | 18.5 (8.8) b,c | 21.3 (10.0) c | 0.0001 |
Light | 9.0 (7.3) a | 2.6 (4.4) b | 2.7 (2.0) b | 9.7 (7.0) a | 3.2 (3.5) b | 3.0 (3.9) b | 0.0001 |
Moderate plus | 5.5 (9.2) a | 5.2 (276) a | 4.0 (7.8)a | 17.5 (18.3) b | 3.2 (2.8) a | 5.7 (6.1)a | 0.0001 |
Vigorous | |||||||
MET hrs/d (Awake) | 25.5 (8.0)a,b | 20.4 (5.9) b | 20.5 (5.8) b | 33.0 (22.0) a | 25.0 (11.8) a,b | 30.1 (16.1) a,b | 0.0008 |
MET hrs/day | 14.5 (10.7) a | 7.8 (5.8) a | 6.7 (7.7)a | 27.2 (20.8) b | 6.4 (4.4) a | 8.7 (9.6) a | 0.0001 |
(Non-sedentary) |
Variable 1 | Mother vs. | ||
---|---|---|---|
Male Offspring | Female Offspring | Combined | |
Grip Strength | 0.27 | −0.06 | 0.14 |
Step Count | 0.28 | 0.09 | 0.18 |
Strength (METS) | 0 | 0.30 | 0.04 |
Walking (METS) | 0.01 | 0.46 | 0.16 |
Light METS | 0.03 | 0.44 | 0.16 |
MVPA METS | −0.12 | 0.24 | 0.12 |
Total METS | −0.06 | 0.54 | 0.40 |
Non-Sedentary METS | −0.14 | 0.43 | 0.24 |
Measures | Grip Strength 1 | Step Count | Total METS | Non-Sedentary |
---|---|---|---|---|
METS | ||||
Grip Strength (Kgs) | 1 | 0.13 | −0.1 | −0.18 |
Step Count (Daily) | 0.12 | 1 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
Physical Activity Questionnaire | ||||
MET hrs/Day (METS) | −0.1 | 0.12 | 1 | 0.85 |
Non-Sedentary Met hrs/Day | −0.18 | 0.11 | 0.85 | 1 |
Light Activity (METS) | −0.24 | 0.12 | 0.46 | 0.6 |
Moderate/Vigorous (METS) | −0.09 | 0.13 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
Occupational (OA) | −0.12 | 0.03 | 0.42 | 0.45 |
Caregiving (CCAA) | −0.1 | −0.09 | 0.09 | 0.14 |
Farming (FA) | −0.2 | 0.01 | 0.5 | 0.65 |
Household (HA) | −0.2 | −0.03 | 0.6 | 0.56 |
Leisure/Rec. (LREA) | 0.32 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.01 |
School (SA) | 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.08 | −0.27 |
Transportation (TA) | −0.22 | 0.05 | 0.27 | 0.44 |
Walking (WA) | −0.09 | 0.08 | 0.32 | 0.23 |
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Berrigan, D.; Liu, A.; Belcher, B.R.; Chao, A.; Fang, L.; Matthews, C.E.; Wang, B.; Wang, L.; Wang, N.; Wang, Y.; et al. Physical Activity, Step Counts, and Grip Strength in the Chinese Children and Families Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176202
Berrigan D, Liu A, Belcher BR, Chao A, Fang L, Matthews CE, Wang B, Wang L, Wang N, Wang Y, et al. Physical Activity, Step Counts, and Grip Strength in the Chinese Children and Families Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176202
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerrigan, David, Ailing Liu, Britni R. Belcher, Ann Chao, Liwen Fang, Charles E. Matthews, Baohua Wang, Linhong Wang, Ning Wang, Yu Wang, and et al. 2020. "Physical Activity, Step Counts, and Grip Strength in the Chinese Children and Families Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176202