Self-Determination in People with Intellectual Disability: The Mediating Role of Opportunities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Sociodemographic Data
2.2.2. Self-Determination Opportunities
2.2.3. Personal Self-Determination
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Data Processing and Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Psychometric Properties of Self-Determination Opportunities Instrument
3.2. Descriptive Statistics, Internal Consistency and Correlations
3.3. Preliminary Analysis
3.4. Mediation Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Participants (n = 541) | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age Range | 11−21 Years % (N) | 22−30 Years % (N) | 31−40 Years % (N) | ||
Gender | Male | 66.7 (116) | 57.8 (104) | 61.3 (114) | 61.7 (334) |
Female | 33.3 (58) | 42.2 (76) | 38.7 (72) | 38.1 (206) | |
Missing Data | - | - | - | 0.2 (1) | |
ID level | Mild ID | 31.6 (51) | 51.1 (92) | 36.0 (67) | 38.8 (210) |
Moderate ID | 46.0 (75) | 32.8 (59) | 43.5 (81) | 39.7 (215) | |
Severe ID | 17.2 (28) | 12.2 (22) | 14.0 (26) | 14.1 (76) | |
Profound ID | 5.5 (9) | 3.9 (7) | 6.5 (12) | 5.2 (28) | |
Missing Data | - | - | - | 2.2 (12) |
Exploratory Factor Analysis Results Item by Item | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | |
---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalue | 7.255 | 1.316 | |
% of Variance | 67.64 | 12.27 | |
Cumulative % of Variance | 67.064 | 79.92 | |
ROTATED LOADING MATRIX | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | |
Item 1 | He/She has opportunities in the community to express his/her own interests and wishes. | - | 0.621 |
Item 2 | He/She has opportunities in the community to set his/her own goals. | - | 0.573 |
Item 3 | He/She has opportunities in the community to learn about making plans to achieve his/her own goals. | - | 0.748 |
Item 4 | People in the community encourage him/her to carry out own plans. | - | 0.884 |
Item 5 | People in the community tell him/her if he/she is achieving own goals. | - | 0.883 |
Item 6 | People in the community give advice and encourage him/her to change plans if they are not working. | - | 0.818 |
Item 7 | He/She has opportunities at home to express his/her own interests and wishes. | 0.762 | - |
Item 8 | He/She has opportunities at home to set his/her own goals. | 0.787 | - |
item 9 | He/She has opportunities at home to learn about making plans to achieve his/her own goals. | 0.897 | - |
Item 10 | People at home encourage him/her to carry out own plans. | 0.882 | - |
Item 11 | People at home tell him/her if he/she is achieving own goals. | 0.894 | - |
Item 12 | People at home give advice and encourage him/her to change plans if they are not working. | 0.943 | - |
Variables | AUT | SIN | SDI | SRE | REA | EMP | SDGS | OH | OC | ID | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SIN | P | 0.812 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
S | 0.764 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
SDI | P | 0.767 | 0.792 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
S | 0.726 | 0.745 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
SRE | P | 0.653 | 0.643 | 0.770 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
S | 0.618 | 0.590 | 0.725 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
REA | P | 0.721 | 0.757 | 0.785 | 0.681 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
S | 0.639 | 0.672 | 0.741 | 0.628 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
EMP | P | 0.757 | 0.808 | 0.862 | 0.728 | 0.799 | - | - | - | - | - |
S | 0.694 | 0.740 | 0.824 | 0.685 | 0.748 | - | - | - | - | - | |
SDGS | P | 0.877 | 0.895 | 0.943 | 0.800 | 0.871 | 0.944 | - | - | - | - |
S | 0.845 | 0.850 | 0.926 | 0.768 | 0.814 | 0.924 | - | - | - | - | |
OH | P | 0.475 | 0.588 | 0.488 | 0.400 | 0.444 | 0.488 | 0.545 | - | - | - |
S | 0.428 | 0.530 | 0.457 | 0.369 | 0.373 | 0.432 | 0.497 | - | - | - | |
OC | P | 0.424 | 0.535 | 0.544 | 0.463 | 0.454 | 0.532 | 0.562 | 0.692 | - | - |
S | 0.408 | 0.519 | 0.537 | 0.453 | 0.436 | 0.535 | 0.565 | 0.700 | - | - | |
ID | P | −0.595 | −0.580 | −0.597 | −0.485 | −0.544 | −0.660 | −0.656 | −0.314 | −0.390 | - |
S | −0.527 | −0.503 | −0.544 | −0.424 | −0.413 | −0.556 | −0.566 | −0.269 | −0.353 | - | |
i | 7 | 6 | 12 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 46 | 6 | 6 | 1 | |
n | 541 | 541 | 541 | 541 | 541 | 540 | 540 | 494 | 449 | 530 | |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 47 | 92 | 11 | |
M | 18.34 | 16.40 | 25.86 | 6.74 | 15.81 | 29.77 | 113.00 | 18.79 | 15.66 | 1.85 | |
Median | 19 | 17 | 26 | 7 | 16 | 31 | 117 | 20 | 16 | 2 | |
SD | 5.56 | 4.29 | 8.34 | 2.06 | 3.69 | 8.45 | 29.37 | 4.70 | 5.31 | 0.86 | |
Min | 7 | 6 | 12 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 46 | 6 | 6 | 1 | |
Max | 28 | 24 | 48 | 12 | 24 | 48 | 184 | 24 | 24 | 4 | |
Sk | −0.458 | −0.488 | −0.054 | −0.118 | −0.622 | −0.540 | −0.500 | −0.742 | −0.006 | 0.791 | |
Ku | −0.460 | 0.045 | −0.432 | −0.417 | 0.747 | −0.168 | −0.029 | −0.342 | −0.979 | −0.037 | |
α | 0.916 | 0.903 | 0.961 | 0.841 | 0.909 | 0.949 | 0.982 | 0.933 | 0.958 | - |
Age Ranges | Gender | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | 11–21 | 22–30 | 31–40 | H | p | Female | Male | U | p |
M(SD) | M(SD) | M(SD) | M(SD) | M(SD) | |||||
AUT | 18.03(0.44) | 19.59(0.43) | 18.73(0.43) | 9.416 | 0.009 | 18.92(0.28) | 18.24(0.54) | 29622.5 | 0.005 |
SIN | 15.88(0.34) | 17.31(0.33) | 17.17(0.30) | 10.321 | 0.006 | 16.86(0.21) | 16.52(0.45) | 34161 | 0.817 |
SDI | 25.91(0.67) | 27.79(0.66) | 26.57(0.64) | 8.519 | 0.014 | 26.79(0.42) | 26.69(0.87) | 33546 | 0.562 |
SRE | 7.07(0.18) | 6.97(0.16) | 6.73(0.15) | 2.099 | 0.350 | 6.90(0.10) | 7.02(0.22) | 33267.5 | 0.456 |
REA | 15.88(0.32) | 16.17(0.26) | 16.27(0.26) | 0.837 | 0.658 | 16.11(0.18) | 16.09(0.38) | 33215 | 0.440 |
EMP | 29.53(0.68) | 31.53(0.64) | 31.14(0.58) | 6.336 | 0.042 | 30.72(0.41) | 30.86(0.85) | 34180 | 0.900 |
OH | 18.43(0.40) | 19.01(0.40) | 18.65(0.37) | 1.595 | 0.450 | 18.82(0.24) | 18.18(0.57) | 27416. | 0.359 |
OC | 15.56(0.44) | 16.01(0.45) | 15.42(0.42) | 0.777 | 0.670 | 15.68(0.27) | 15.62(0.62) | 22869.5 | 0.524 |
M | Y | Mediators | Path | b | SE | LLCI | ULCI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | Y1 | OC—Opportunities in the Community | (a1 * b1) ID-OC-AUT | −0.190 | 0.144 | −0.575 | 0.191 |
OH—Opportunities at Home | (a2 * b2) ID-OH-AUT | −0.657 | 0.157 | −1.110 | −0.308 | ||
M2 | Y2 | OC—Opportunities in the Community | (a1 * b1) ID-OC-SIN | −0.336 | 0.097 | −0.593 | −0.087 |
OH—Opportunities at Home | (a2 * b2) ID-OH-SIN | −0.628 | 0.128 | −0.972 | −0.327 | ||
M3 | Y3 | OC—Opportunities in the Community | (a1 * b1) ID-OC-SDI | −1.224 | 0.249 | −1.914 | −0.617 |
OH—Opportunities at Home | (a2 * b2) ID-OH-SDI | −0.606 | 0.185 | −1.157 | −0.189 | ||
M4 | Y4 | OC—Opportunities in the Community | (a1 * b1) ID-OC-SRE | −0.223 | 0.066 | −0.429 | −0.087 |
OH—Opportunities at Home | (a2 * b2) ID-OH-SRE | −0.131 | 0.050 | −0.280 | −0.017 | ||
M5 | Y5 | OC—Opportunities in the Community | (a1 * b1) ID-OC-REA | −0.363 | 0.092 | −0.613 | −0.125 |
OH—Opportunities at Home | (a2 * b2) ID-OH-REA | −0.293 | 0.097 | −0.573 | −0.076 | ||
M6 | Y6 | OC—Opportunities in the Community | (a1 * b1) ID-OC-EMP | −1.002 | 0.199 | −1.563 | −0.533 |
OH—Opportunities at Home | (a2 * b2) ID-OH-EMP | −0.663 | 0.191 | −1.201 | −0.238 | ||
M7 | Y7 | OC—Opportunities in the Community | (a1 * b1) ID-OC-SD | −3.368 | 0.701 | −5.237 | −1.685 |
OH—Opportunities at Home | (a2 * b2) ID-OH-SD | −2.977 | 0.713 | −4.978 | −1.347 |
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Vicente, E.; Mumbardó-Adam, C.; Guillén, V.M.; Coma-Roselló, T.; Bravo-Álvarez, M.-Á.; Sánchez, S. Self-Determination in People with Intellectual Disability: The Mediating Role of Opportunities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176201
Vicente E, Mumbardó-Adam C, Guillén VM, Coma-Roselló T, Bravo-Álvarez M-Á, Sánchez S. Self-Determination in People with Intellectual Disability: The Mediating Role of Opportunities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176201
Chicago/Turabian StyleVicente, Eva, Cristina Mumbardó-Adam, Verónica M. Guillén, Teresa Coma-Roselló, María-Ángeles Bravo-Álvarez, and Sergio Sánchez. 2020. "Self-Determination in People with Intellectual Disability: The Mediating Role of Opportunities" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176201