The Association between Stressful Events and Food Insecurity: Cross-Sectional Evidence from Australia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Data
2.2. Measurement
2.3. Statistical Model
Control Variables
- Age: 15–29, 30–44, 45–59, 60+.
- Marital Status: Married, not married.
- Equivalised Household Income: The measure of household income available in the GSS is gross household income, adjusted or ‘equivalised’ using an equivalence scale to account for household size and placed in deciles. The ABS make this adjustment in household income to allow for welfare and financial wellbeing comparisons between households of different sizes and compositions. The categories included in the regression based upon income distribution include: 0 to 20%, 20% to 40%, 40% to 60%, 60% to 80%, 80% to 100%, not reported.
- Self-Rated Health: Poor or fair health, good or excellent health.
- Tenure: Renter, not a renter.
- University educated: Has university education, does not have university education.
3. Results
3.1. Experiences of Stressors
3.2. Prevalence of Food Insecurity by Stressor Type
3.3. Regression Results
4. Discussion
Study Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Insecure (%) | Food Secure (%) | n 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Stressor2 | ||||
Divorce or Separation | 17.6 | 11.3 | *** | 1467 |
Death of Family Member/Close Friend | 35.1 | 21.4 | *** | 2957 |
Serious Illness | 33.3 | 22.3 | *** | 3008 |
Serious Accident | 7.7 | 4.5 | ** | 612 |
Alcohol or Drug Related Problems | 20.7 | 6.8 | *** | 988 |
Mental Illness | 34.9 | 13.0 | *** | 1769 |
Serious Disability | 13.1 | 6.0 | *** | 914 |
Not Able to Get a Job | 40.5 | 16.8 | *** | 1952 |
Involuntary Job Loss Witness to Violence | 16.5 | 7.0 | *** | 859 |
15.8 | 2.2 | *** | 426 | |
Abuse or Violent Crime | 12.6 | 2.5 | *** | 428 |
Trouble with the Police | 14.2 | 2.8 | *** | 413 |
Gambling Problem | 6.6 | 2.6 | *** | 308 |
Discrimination-Ethnic or Cultural Background | 5.5 | 2.1 | *** | 301 |
Discrimination-Other Reason | 7.6 | 1.6 | *** | 262 |
Bullying and/or Harassment | 20.6 | 6.4 | *** | 929 |
Removal of Children | 4.8 | <1% | *** | 141 |
Other | <1% | <1% | 88 | |
Number of Stressors3 | ||||
None | 14.0 | 38.1 | *** | 4845 |
1 | 21.1 | 30.2 | *** | 3807 |
2 | 15.7 | 15.4 | 1991 | |
3 | 15.9 | 7.4 | *** | 1011 |
4+ | 33.4 | 8.9 | *** | 1278 |
Total | 100 | 100 | ||
Unweighted (n) | 403 | 12,529 | 12,932 |
Weighted 1 (%) | Unweighted 2 (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Type of Stressor3 | |||
Divorce or Separation | 3.1 | 5.7 | *** |
Death of Family Member/Close Friend | 3.2 | 4.9 | *** |
Serious Illness | 2.9 | 5.1 | *** |
Serious Accident | 3.4 | 5.9 | ** |
Alcohol or Drug Related Problems | 5.8 | 9.7 | *** |
Mental Illness | 5.2 | 8.7 | *** |
Serious Disability | 4.2 | 7.9 | *** |
Not Able to Get a Job | 4.6 | 7.7 | *** |
Involuntary Job Loss Witness to Violence | 4.5 | 7.3 | *** |
12.6 | 16.4 | *** | |
Abuse or Violent Crime | 9.3 | 15.0 | *** |
Trouble with the Police | 9.3 | 12.6 | *** |
Gambling Problem | 5.0 | 9.1 | *** |
Discrimination-Ethnic or Cultural Background | 5.1 | 9.0 | *** |
Discrimination-Other Reason | 8.7 | 14.1 | *** |
Bullying and/or Harassment | 6.1 | 9.0 | *** |
Removal of Children | 11.7 | 15.6 | *** |
Other | 2.0 | 5.7 | |
Number of Stressors4 | |||
None | <1% | <1% | - |
1 | 1.4 | 1.7 | ** |
2 | 2.0 | 3.9 | *** |
3 | 4.2 | 6.2 | *** |
4+ | 7.1 | 11.7 | *** |
Full Sample | 2.0 | 3.1 | *** |
Odds Ratio (UOR) 1 | Odds Ratio (AOR) 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Stressor Type Models 3 | |||
Divorce or Separation | 1.68 | 1.53 | * |
Death of Family Member/Close Friend | 1.99 | 2.01 | *** |
Serious Illness | 1.74 | 1.81 | ** |
Serious Accident | 1.78 | 1.55 | |
Alcohol or Drug Related Problems | 3.58 | 2.35 | *** |
Mental Illness | 3.59 | 2.87 | *** |
Serious Disability | 2.36 | 2.30 | ** |
Not Able to Get a Job | 3.35 | 2.49 | *** |
Involuntary Job Loss Witness to Violence | 2.62 | 2.59 | *** |
8.27 | 4.40 | *** | |
Abuse or Violent Crime | 5.67 | 3.26 | *** |
Trouble with the Police | 5.75 | 3.70 | *** |
Gambling Problem | 2.69 | 2.53 | * |
Discrimination-Ethnic or Cultural Background | 2.76 | 2.17 | * |
Discrimination-Other Reason | 5.04 | 3.75 | *** |
Bullying and/or Harassment | 3.79 | 2.82 | *** |
Removal of Children | 6.79 | 4.58 | ** |
Other | 1.00 | 0.66 |
Odds Ratio (AOR) 1 | ||
---|---|---|
Number of Stressors 2 | ||
0 | - | |
1–2 | 1.76 | * |
3–4 | 3.75 | *** |
5+ | 8.90 | *** |
Control Variables | ||
Age | ||
15–29 | ||
30–44 | 1.42 | + |
45–59 | 1.42 | |
60+ | 0.40 | ** |
University Education | ||
Yes | 0.39 | * |
Married | ||
Yes Tenure-Renting | 0.39 | *** |
Yes | 3.10 | *** |
Poor Self Rated Health | ||
Yes | 2.28 | *** |
Equivalent Household Income | ||
0–19% | - | |
20–39% | 0.81 | |
40–59% | 0.52 | * |
60–79% | 0.28 | * |
80–100% | 0.15 | ** |
Unknown | 0.71 |
Number of Stressors 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|
1–2 | 3–4 | 5+ | |
Stressor Type (%) 2 | |||
Divorce or Separation | 12.0 | 28.9 | 48.5 |
Death of Family Member/Close Friend | 29.8 | 42.6 | 59.8 |
Serious Illness | 29.0 | 50.3 | 65.9 |
Serious Accident | 4.8 | 9.6 | 24.4 |
Alcohol or Drug Related Problems | 4.1 | 23.8 | 46.3 |
Mental Illness | 12.5 | 39.5 | 60.5 |
Serious Disability | 6.2 | 16.5 | 26.4 |
Not Able to Get a Job | 19.0 | 43.8 | 67.5 |
Involuntary Job Loss Witness to Violence | 5.7 | 19.4 | 45.3 |
0.7 | 5.8 | 28.9 | |
Abuse or Violent Crime | 1.0 | 8.3 | 24.3 |
Trouble with the Police | 1.4 | 7.3 | 30.1 |
Gambling Problem | 1.3 | 8.8 | 19.5 |
Discrimination-Ethnic/Cultural Background | 1.0 | 6.1 | 18.9 |
Discrimination-Other Reason | <1% | 4.9 | 17.9 |
Bullying and/or Harassment | 4.2 | 18.0 | 51.7 |
Removal of Children | <1% | 2.2 | 6.7 |
Other | <1% | <1% | 1.4 |
Unweighted (n) | 5804 | 1566 | 733 |
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Temple, J.B. The Association between Stressful Events and Food Insecurity: Cross-Sectional Evidence from Australia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112333
Temple JB. The Association between Stressful Events and Food Insecurity: Cross-Sectional Evidence from Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(11):2333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112333
Chicago/Turabian StyleTemple, Jeromey B. 2018. "The Association between Stressful Events and Food Insecurity: Cross-Sectional Evidence from Australia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11: 2333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112333