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Review

Selected Emerging Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical Insights and Implications for Precision Care

by
Andra Melissa Entuc
1,2,
Maria Bogdan
3,
Ianis Kevyn Stefan Boboc
3,*,
Liliana Mititelu Tartau
1,
Delia Reurean Pintilei
4,5,
Liliana Lacramioara Pavel
6,
Ana-Maria Pelin
7,
Aurelia Spinei
8 and
Liliana Georgeta Foia
1
1
Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
2
Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
3
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
4
Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
5
Consultmed Medical Center, 700544 Iasi, Romania
6
Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University, 800010 Galati, Romania
7
Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunarea de Jos” University, 800010 Galati, Romania
8
Department of Pediatrics, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Medicina 2026, 62(1), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010152
Submission received: 30 November 2025 / Revised: 23 December 2025 / Accepted: 6 January 2026 / Published: 12 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus)
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Abstract

This paper aims to examine the current landscape of novel biomarkers in diabetes mellitus (DM), with particular emphasis on emerging candidates, and their roles in early diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, risk stratification, and managing complications. Given the global prevalence of DM and its complex pathophysiology, identifying reliable biomarkers is critical for optimizing prevention strategies and personalized treatment approaches. This review highlights the shift from traditional glycemic markers, which remain clinically useful but limited, to a broader array of novel biomarkers that more accurately reflect the complex pathophysiology of DM. In addition to conventional measures, inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators, along with genetic and epigenetic regulators, provide added predictive value for disease susceptibility, progression, and complications. Recent research has identified emerging biomarkers, such as adiponectin, adropin, netrin-1, α-hydroxybutyrate, fetuin-A, lipo-protein(a), and lysophosphatidylcholine, which detect early metabolic imbalances and reveal mechanistic links to insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and vascular injury. Their integration into multimarker panels holds particular promise for precision medicine, supporting tailored prevention, targeted therapy, and improved outcomes for individuals with prediabetes and DM.
Keywords: novel biomarkers; diabetes mellitus; diagnosis; monitoring; therapy novel biomarkers; diabetes mellitus; diagnosis; monitoring; therapy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Entuc, A.M.; Bogdan, M.; Boboc, I.K.S.; Tartau, L.M.; Pintilei, D.R.; Pavel, L.L.; Pelin, A.-M.; Spinei, A.; Foia, L.G. Selected Emerging Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical Insights and Implications for Precision Care. Medicina 2026, 62, 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010152

AMA Style

Entuc AM, Bogdan M, Boboc IKS, Tartau LM, Pintilei DR, Pavel LL, Pelin A-M, Spinei A, Foia LG. Selected Emerging Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical Insights and Implications for Precision Care. Medicina. 2026; 62(1):152. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010152

Chicago/Turabian Style

Entuc, Andra Melissa, Maria Bogdan, Ianis Kevyn Stefan Boboc, Liliana Mititelu Tartau, Delia Reurean Pintilei, Liliana Lacramioara Pavel, Ana-Maria Pelin, Aurelia Spinei, and Liliana Georgeta Foia. 2026. "Selected Emerging Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical Insights and Implications for Precision Care" Medicina 62, no. 1: 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010152

APA Style

Entuc, A. M., Bogdan, M., Boboc, I. K. S., Tartau, L. M., Pintilei, D. R., Pavel, L. L., Pelin, A.-M., Spinei, A., & Foia, L. G. (2026). Selected Emerging Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical Insights and Implications for Precision Care. Medicina, 62(1), 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62010152

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