Maternal and Fetal–Neonatal Complications of Romanian Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Retrospective Comparative Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Laboratory Characteristics
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
GDM | Gestational diabetes mellitus |
T1DM | Type 1 diabetes mellitus |
T2DM | Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
DM | Diabetes mellitus |
PCOS | Polycystic ovary syndrome |
PIH | Pregnancy-induced hypertension |
ICD-10 | International Classification of Diseases |
OGTT | Oral glucose tolerance test |
BMI | Body mass index |
HELLP | Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets |
LGA | Large for gestational age |
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Parameters | GDM | Control Group | p-Value (GDM vs. Control Group) | T1DM | p-Value (GDM vs. T1DM) | T2DM | p-Value (GDM vs. T2DM) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 279 | 958 | 74 | 107 | |||
Age (years) | 31.78 ± 5.60 | 29.64 ± 5.91 | <0.001 | 31.08 ± 6.14 | 0.308 | 33.18 ± 6.24 | 0.048 |
Areas | 0.239 | 0.140 | 0.152 | ||||
| 140 (50.18%) | 519 (54.17%) | 30 (40.54%) | 45 (42.05%) | |||
| 139 (49.82%) | 439 (45.83%) | 44 (59.46%) | 62 (57.95%) | |||
Number of pregnancies | 0.342 | 0.0001 | 0.990 | ||||
| 138 (49.46%) | 443 (46.24%) | 56 (75.67%) | 53 (49.53%) | |||
| 141 (50.54%) | 515 (53.76%) | 18 (24.33%) | 54 (50.47%) | |||
Glycemia (mg/dL) | 98.97 ± 13.63 | 76.92 ± 8.62 | <0.001 | 180.63 ± 87.67 | <0.001 | 146.52 ± 65.99 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.45 ± 0.54 | 4.57 ± 0.33 | <0.001 | 8.23 ± 2.44 | <0.001 | 7.18 ± 2.00 | <0.001 |
Treatment | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 104 (37.28%) | 0 (0%) | 74 (100%) | 93 (86.91%) | |||
| 175 (62.72%) | 958 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 14 (13.09%) | |||
Chronic hypertension | <0.001 | 0.300 | <0.001 | ||||
| 11 (3.94%) | 4 (0.42%) | 5 (6.76%) | 17 (15.89%) | |||
| 268 (96.06%) | 954 (99.58%) | 69 (93.24%) | 90 (84.11%) | |||
Obesity | <0.001 | 0.584 | <0.001 | ||||
| 21 (7.53%) | 6 (0.63%) | 7 (9.46%) | 32 (29.91%) | |||
| 258 (92.47%) | 952 (99.37%) | 67 (90.54%) | 75 (70.09%) | |||
Anemia | 0.003 | 0.238 | 0.051 | ||||
| 61 (21.86%) | 296 (30.90%) | 21 (28.38%) | 14 (13.08%) | |||
| 218 (78.14%) | 662 (69.10%) | 53 (71.62%) | 93 (86.92%) | |||
Autoimmune thyroiditis | 0.145 | <0.001 | 0.094 | ||||
| 8 (2.87%) | 47 (4.9%) | 15 (20.27%) | 7 (6.54%) | |||
| 271 (97.13%) | 911 (95.1%) | 59 (79.73%) | 100 (93.46%) |
Age Group | GDM (n = 279) | Control Group (n = 958) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
14–20 years | 9 (3.22%) | 67 (7%) | 0.021 |
21–25 years | 27 (9.67%) | 169 (17.64%) | 0.136 |
26–30 years | 79 (28.31%) | 296 (30.90%) | 0.408 |
31–35 years | 88 (31.55%) | 261 (27.24%) | 0.160 |
36–40 years | 65 (23.30%) | 141 (14.71%) | 0.0007 |
41–45 years | 11 (3.95%) | 24 (2.5%) | 0.202 |
Maternal and Fetal–Neonatal Complications | GDM (n = 279) | Control Group (n = 958) | p-Value (GDM vs. Control Group) | T1DM (n = 74) | p-Value (GDM vs. T1DM) | T2DM (n = 107) | p-Value (GDM vs. T2DM) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal complications | |||||||
Type of birth | 0.0035 | 0.0001 | 0.043 | ||||
| 152 (54.48%) | 427 (44.57%) | 22 (29.72%) | 46 (43%) | |||
| 127 (45.52%) | 531 (55.43%) | 52 (70.27%) | 61 (57%) | |||
Abortion | 0.008 | 0.030 | 0.031 | ||||
| 2 (0.72%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (4.05%) | 4 (3.74%) | |||
| 277 (99.28%) | 958 (100%) | 71 (95.95%) | 103 (96.26%) | |||
Premature birth | 0.088 | 0.004 | 0.014 | ||||
| 43 (15.41%) | 111 (11.59%) | 22 (29.73%) | 28 (26.17%) | |||
| 236 (84.59%) | 847 (88.41%) | 52 (70.27%) | 79 (73.83%) | |||
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 | ||||
| 117 (41.93%) | 35 (3.65%) | 12 (16.22%) | 29 (27.1%) | |||
| 162 (58.07%) | 923 (96.35%) | 62 (83.78%) | 78 (72.9%) | |||
Preeclampsia | <0.001 | 0.487 | 0.576 | ||||
| 23 (8.24%) | 5 (0.52%) | 8 (10.81%) | 7 (6.54%) | |||
| 256 (91.76%) | 953 (99.48%) | 66 (89.19%) | 100 (93.46%) | |||
Hypoglycemia | 0.106 | 0.841 | 0.902 | ||||
| 3 (1.07%) | 3 (0.31%) | 1 (1.35%) | 1 (0.93%) | |||
| 276 (98.93%) | 955 (99.69%) | 73 (98.65%) | 106 (99.07%) | |||
Infections | <0.001 | 0.136 | 0.475 | ||||
| 11 (3.94%) | 6 (0.63%) | 6 (8.1%) | 6 (5.6%) | |||
| 268 (96.06%) | 952 (99.37%) | 68 (91.9%) | 101 (94.4%) | |||
Fetal–neonatal complications | |||||||
Apgar score | 0.668 | 0.016 | 2 | 0.002 | |||
| 28 (10.03%) | 88 (9.18%) | 15 (20.27%) | 3 (21.5%) | |||
| 251 (89.97%) | 870 (90.82%) | 59 (79.73%) | 84 (78.5%) | |||
Birth weight | |||||||
| 31 (11.11%) | 112 (11.7%) | 0.789 | 12 (16.22%) | 0.232 | 18 (16.82%) | 0.131 |
| 211 (75.63%) | 799 (83.4%) | 50 (67.56%) | 69 (64.48%) | |||
| 37 (13.26%) | 47 (4.9%) | <0.001 | 12 (16.22%) | 0.513 | 20 (18.7%) | 0.178 |
Fetal death | 0.706 | 0.017 | 0.079 | ||||
| 3 (1.07%) | 8 (0.83%) | 4 (5.4%) | 4 (3.74%) | |||
| 276 (98.93%) | 950 (99.17%) | 70 (94.6%) | 103 (96.26%) |
Maternal Complications | Fetal–Neonatal Complications | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | OR | Lower | Upper | p-Value | OR | Lower | Upper | p-Value |
Age (years) | 1.03 | 1.011 | 1.047 | 0.002 | 1.001 | 0.98 | 1.022 | 0.942 |
Number of pregnancies | 1.05 | 0.849 | 1.294 | 0.663 | 0.757 | 0.59 | 0.971 | 0.028 |
Obesity | 2.37 | 1.424 | 3.942 | <0.001 | 2.481 | 1.493 | 4.12 | <0.001 |
Chronic hypertension | 2.51 | 1.262 | 5.002 | 0.009 | 2.813 | 1.44 | 5.495 | 0.002 |
Anemia | 0.81 | 0.64 | 1.031 | 0.088 | 1.104 | 0.839 | 1.453 | 0.48 |
Autoimmune thyroiditis | 0.71 | 0.436 | 1.152 | 0.165 | 0.561 | 0.292 | 1.076 | 0.082 |
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© 2025 by the authors. Published by MDPI on behalf of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gherbon, A.; Frandes, M.; Toderescu, C.D.; Dirpes, D.; Timar, R.; Nicula, M.N.; Dascau, C.; Daniluc, R.; Timar, B. Maternal and Fetal–Neonatal Complications of Romanian Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Retrospective Comparative Study. Medicina 2025, 61, 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071190
Gherbon A, Frandes M, Toderescu CD, Dirpes D, Timar R, Nicula MN, Dascau C, Daniluc R, Timar B. Maternal and Fetal–Neonatal Complications of Romanian Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Retrospective Comparative Study. Medicina. 2025; 61(7):1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071190
Chicago/Turabian StyleGherbon, Adriana, Mirela Frandes, Corina Dalia Toderescu, Darius Dirpes, Romulus Timar, Marioara Neagu Nicula, Calin Dascau, Razvan Daniluc, and Bogdan Timar. 2025. "Maternal and Fetal–Neonatal Complications of Romanian Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Retrospective Comparative Study" Medicina 61, no. 7: 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071190
APA StyleGherbon, A., Frandes, M., Toderescu, C. D., Dirpes, D., Timar, R., Nicula, M. N., Dascau, C., Daniluc, R., & Timar, B. (2025). Maternal and Fetal–Neonatal Complications of Romanian Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Retrospective Comparative Study. Medicina, 61(7), 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071190