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Volume 18
Issue 11
10.3390/ph18111645
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Retraction of Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(1), 130.
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Retraction

RETRACTED: Argano et al. Protective Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19-Related Intensive Care Hospitalization and Mortality: Definitive Evidence from Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 130

by
Christiano Argano
1,*,
Raffaella Mallaci Bocchio
1,
Giuseppe Natoli
1,
Salvatore Scibetta
1,
Marika Lo Monaco
1,2 and
Salvatore Corrao
1,2
1
Internal Medicine Department iGR, National Relevance Hospital Trust, ARNAS Civico, Di Cristina e Benfratelli, 90127 Palermo, Italy
2
Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, PROMISE, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(11), 1645; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18111645
Submission received: 16 October 2025 / Accepted: 21 October 2025 / Published: 31 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
Versions Notes
The journal retracts the article “Protective Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19-Related Intensive Care Hospitalization and Mortality: Definitive Evidence from Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis” [1], cited above.
Following publication, concerns were brought to the attention of the Editorial Office regarding methodology and the overall validity of the findings presented within this publication [1].
Adhering to our standard procedure, the Editorial Office and Editorial Board conducted an investigation, which confirmed that at least one included study is not a randomized clinical trial (RCT) yet was included in the analysis. Combining such studies could have led to biased conclusions. As a result, the Editorial Board and Editor-in-Chief have lost confidence in the reliability of the findings of this publication [1] and have decided to retract this paper as per MDPI’s retraction policy (https://www.mdpi.com/ethics#_bookmark30).
This retraction was approved by the Editor-in-Chief of the Pharmaceuticals journal.
The authors disagree with this retraction.

Reference

  1. Argano, C.; Mallaci Bocchio, R.; Natoli, G.; Scibetta, S.; Lo Monaco, M.; Corrao, S. RETRACTED: Protective Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19-Related Intensive Care Hospitalization and Mortality: Definitive Evidence from Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Argano, C.; Bocchio, R.M.; Natoli, G.; Scibetta, S.; Lo Monaco, M.; Corrao, S. RETRACTED: Argano et al. Protective Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19-Related Intensive Care Hospitalization and Mortality: Definitive Evidence from Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 130. Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18, 1645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18111645

AMA Style

Argano C, Bocchio RM, Natoli G, Scibetta S, Lo Monaco M, Corrao S. RETRACTED: Argano et al. Protective Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19-Related Intensive Care Hospitalization and Mortality: Definitive Evidence from Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 130. Pharmaceuticals. 2025; 18(11):1645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18111645

Chicago/Turabian Style

Argano, Christiano, Raffaella Mallaci Bocchio, Giuseppe Natoli, Salvatore Scibetta, Marika Lo Monaco, and Salvatore Corrao. 2025. "RETRACTED: Argano et al. Protective Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19-Related Intensive Care Hospitalization and Mortality: Definitive Evidence from Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 130" Pharmaceuticals 18, no. 11: 1645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18111645

APA Style

Argano, C., Bocchio, R. M., Natoli, G., Scibetta, S., Lo Monaco, M., & Corrao, S. (2025). RETRACTED: Argano et al. Protective Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19-Related Intensive Care Hospitalization and Mortality: Definitive Evidence from Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 130. Pharmaceuticals, 18(11), 1645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18111645

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