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Volume 24
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10.3390/s24041256
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Article

Physical Trace Gas Identification with the Photo Electron Ionization Spectrometer (PEIS)

by
Theodor Doll
1,*,
Victor M. Fuenzalida
2,
Helmut Schütte
3,
Stefan Gaßmann
3,
Juan J. Velasco-Velez
4,
Robert Köhler
5,
Alex Kontschev
6,†,
Thomas Haas
6,†,
Bert Ungethüm
7,
Andreas Walte
7,
Jonas Oberröhrmann
8,
Adrian Onken
1,
Kasimir M. Philipp
8,
Minh-Hai Nguyen
1,
Thomas Lenarz
1,
Achim Walter Hassel
9 and
Wolfgang Viöl
5
1
Biomaterial Engineering, ENT, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
2
Laboratorio de Superficies y Nanomateriales, Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago de Chile 8370448, Chile
3
Department of Engineering, Jade University of Applied Sciences, 26389 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
4
ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
5
Faculty of Engineering and Health, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Von-Ossietzky-Straße 99, 37085 Göttingen, Germany
6
Adlantis GmbH, 44263 Dortmund, Germany
7
Airsense Analytics GmbH, 19061 Schwerin, Germany
8
Eyyon/DBT GmbH, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
9
Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Adlantis GmbH no longer exists.
Sensors 2024, 24(4), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041256
Submission received: 20 December 2023 / Revised: 3 February 2024 / Accepted: 8 February 2024 / Published: 16 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sensors)
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Abstract

Chemosensor technology for trace gases in the air always aims to identify these compounds and then measure their concentrations. For identification, traceable methods are sparse and relate to large appliances such as mass spectrometers. We present a new method that uses the alternative traceable measurement of the ionization energies of trace gases in a way that can be miniaturized and energetically tuned. We investigate the achievable performance. Since tunable UV sources are not available for photoionization, we take a detour via impact ionization with electrons, which we generate using the photoelectric effect and bring to sharp, defined energies on a nanoscale in the air. Electron impact ionization is thus possible at air pressures of up to 900 hPa. The sensitivity of the process reaches 1 ppm and is equivalent to that of classic PID. With sharpened energy settings, substance identification is currently possible with an accuracy of 30 meV. We can largely explain the experimental observations with the known quantum mechanical models.
Keywords: volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identification; nano-vacuum electronics; electron impact ionization; MEMS chemosensor; external photo effect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identification; nano-vacuum electronics; electron impact ionization; MEMS chemosensor; external photo effect

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MDPI and ACS Style

Doll, T.; Fuenzalida, V.M.; Schütte, H.; Gaßmann, S.; Velasco-Velez, J.J.; Köhler, R.; Kontschev, A.; Haas, T.; Ungethüm, B.; Walte, A.; et al. Physical Trace Gas Identification with the Photo Electron Ionization Spectrometer (PEIS). Sensors 2024, 24, 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041256

AMA Style

Doll T, Fuenzalida VM, Schütte H, Gaßmann S, Velasco-Velez JJ, Köhler R, Kontschev A, Haas T, Ungethüm B, Walte A, et al. Physical Trace Gas Identification with the Photo Electron Ionization Spectrometer (PEIS). Sensors. 2024; 24(4):1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041256

Chicago/Turabian Style

Doll, Theodor, Victor M. Fuenzalida, Helmut Schütte, Stefan Gaßmann, Juan J. Velasco-Velez, Robert Köhler, Alex Kontschev, Thomas Haas, Bert Ungethüm, Andreas Walte, and et al. 2024. "Physical Trace Gas Identification with the Photo Electron Ionization Spectrometer (PEIS)" Sensors 24, no. 4: 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041256

APA Style

Doll, T., Fuenzalida, V. M., Schütte, H., Gaßmann, S., Velasco-Velez, J. J., Köhler, R., Kontschev, A., Haas, T., Ungethüm, B., Walte, A., Oberröhrmann, J., Onken, A., Philipp, K. M., Nguyen, M.-H., Lenarz, T., Hassel, A. W., & Viöl, W. (2024). Physical Trace Gas Identification with the Photo Electron Ionization Spectrometer (PEIS). Sensors, 24(4), 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041256

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