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Article

Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Amplification Platform on an Electrochemical Paper-Based Device for the Detection of Norovirus-Specific DNA

by
Aditya Rana
1,
Manjari Killa
1,
Neelam Yadav
2,3,
Annu Mishra
1,
Ashish Mathur
1,
Arun Kumar
4,
Manika Khanuja
4,*,
Jagriti Narang
5 and
Roberto Pilloton
6,*
1
Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201313, India
2
Centre for Biotechnology Maharshi Dayanand University, Haryana 124001, India
3
Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Haryana 131039, India
4
Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi 110025, India
5
Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
6
National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Crystallography (IC), Via Salaria Km 29.3, Rome I-00015, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2020, 20(7), 2070; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072070
Submission received: 13 March 2020 / Revised: 1 April 2020 / Accepted: 2 April 2020 / Published: 7 April 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors)
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Abstract

Norovirus is one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis, acute vomiting, intense diarrhoea, acute pain in the stomach, high fever, headaches, and body pain. Conventional methods of detection gave us very promising results but had disadvantages such as low sensitivity, cost ineffectiveness, reduced specificity and selectivity, etc. Therefore, biosensors can be a viable alternative device which can overcome all setbacks associated with the conventional method. An electrochemical sensor based on oxidized graphitic carbon nitride (Ox-g-C3N4) modified electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) was fabricated for the detection of norovirus DNA. The synthesized Ox-g-C3N4 nanosheets were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The capture probe DNA (PDNA) modified electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). These two characterization techniques were also employed to find the optimal scan rate, response time and temperature of the fabricated sensor. The fabricated biosensor showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 fM. Furthermore, the specificity of the reported biosensor was affirmed by testing the response of capture probe DNA with oxidized graphitic carbon nitride (PDNA/Ox-g-C3N4) modified ePAD on the introduction of a non-complimentary DNA. The fabricated ePAD sensor is easy to fabricate, cost effective and specific, and requires a minimum analysis time of 5 s.
Keywords: paper-based analytical device; oxidized graphitic carbon nitride; genosensor; methylene blue; norovirus paper-based analytical device; oxidized graphitic carbon nitride; genosensor; methylene blue; norovirus
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MDPI and ACS Style

Rana, A.; Killa, M.; Yadav, N.; Mishra, A.; Mathur, A.; Kumar, A.; Khanuja, M.; Narang, J.; Pilloton, R. Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Amplification Platform on an Electrochemical Paper-Based Device for the Detection of Norovirus-Specific DNA. Sensors 2020, 20, 2070. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072070

AMA Style

Rana A, Killa M, Yadav N, Mishra A, Mathur A, Kumar A, Khanuja M, Narang J, Pilloton R. Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Amplification Platform on an Electrochemical Paper-Based Device for the Detection of Norovirus-Specific DNA. Sensors. 2020; 20(7):2070. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072070

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rana, Aditya, Manjari Killa, Neelam Yadav, Annu Mishra, Ashish Mathur, Arun Kumar, Manika Khanuja, Jagriti Narang, and Roberto Pilloton. 2020. "Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Amplification Platform on an Electrochemical Paper-Based Device for the Detection of Norovirus-Specific DNA" Sensors 20, no. 7: 2070. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072070

APA Style

Rana, A., Killa, M., Yadav, N., Mishra, A., Mathur, A., Kumar, A., Khanuja, M., Narang, J., & Pilloton, R. (2020). Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Amplification Platform on an Electrochemical Paper-Based Device for the Detection of Norovirus-Specific DNA. Sensors, 20(7), 2070. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072070

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