The Role of Vegetation in Elevational Diversity Patterns of Tenebrionid Beetles in Central Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Prediction 1. If tenebrionid richness varies along the elevational gradient in response to a filtering process [39,40], declining patterns in species richness should be observed in both forest and secondary open vegetations. To test this prediction, richness was calculated separately for natural and secondary vegetations, and the respective elevational patterns compared.
- (2)
- Prediction 2. If tenebrionids of secondary open vegetations are not an impoverished version of the communities inhabiting former forests, but are composed of species associated with natural open vegetations, we expect a low similarity in species composition between tenebrionid of secondary and natural vegetations even within the same elevational belt, but a high similarity between secondary and open natural vegetations. Additionally, we expect a high relative abundance of geophilous species even at elevations in which xylophilous species should be more frequent. To test this prediction, similarities in species composition among vegetation types and levels of association between ecological groups (geophilous vs. xylophilous) and vegetation types were investigated.
- (3)
- Prediction 3. Previous research showed that biogeographical composition of tenebrionid beetles in Latium changed with elevation, with species mainly distributed in the Mediterranean basin declining with elevation, being less tolerant to decreasing temperatures [38]. As a result of this filtering process, it can be expected that their proportion declines with elevation in both secondary and natural vegetations. Variation in the incidence of Mediterranean species in different vegetation types was analyzed for testing this prediction.
- (4)
- Prediction 4. Not only tenebrionid species richness, but also biogeographical diversity declines with increasing elevation [38]. Under the filtering hypothesis, this decline in biogeographical diversity should be observed in both natural and secondary vegetations. To test this prediction, diversity profiles based on the biogeographical composition of tenebrionid assemblages were constructed for the different vegetation types.
- (5)
- Prediction 5. The proportion of tenebrionid endemic species is known to increase with elevation [38]. This may be explained by the fact that they are almost entirely represented by geophilous tenebrionids, which should be more associated with open habitats that naturally dominate the highest elevations. If this assumption is correct, endemics should also represent a conspicuous component of tenebrionid assemblages of secondary open vegetations at high elevations. For this prediction, frequencies of endemics were compared among vegetation types.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
- Dunes (about sea level). This belt includes the vegetation of mobile and fixed dunes and extends inland to a very limited extent. Because of coastal exploitation, this habitat is now currently highly fragmented and under severe threats, including those posed by climate change [52,53]. It represents a natural open vegetation.
- Mediterranean shrubland and maquis: holm-oak forests, cork oak forests, coastal pinewoods, Mediterranean maquis with xerophilic species (~0–800 m). This belt is represented by a mosaic of vegetation types, ranging from garrigues to Mediterranean forests. Coastal pinewoods were mostly planted centuries ago and are mixed with natural vegetation. This belt roughly corresponds to the Mediterranean belt of Pignatti [49]. It represents a natural and more or less closed (forest) vegetation.
- Arid grasslands of lowlands and low hills (~0–800 m). This form of secondary open vegetation is the result of anthropic activities (low intensity agriculture and grazing) within the former belt.
- Mixed forests (Turkey oaks and chestnuts) (~400–1000 m). This belt, which roughly corresponds to the Samnite belt of Pignatti [49], is characterized by mixed deciduous forests. The presence of large chestnut groves is anthropogenic, but ancient (for example, on the Abani Hills, they date back to the 17th century); currently they are managed as coppices or orchards for fruit production [54,55]. It represents a substantially natural closed vegetation.
- Grasslands of medium and high hills (~400–1000 m). This form of secondary open vegetation is the result of anthropic activities (especially grazing) within the former belt.
- Beech forests (~700–1800 m). This belt is characterized by pure or mixed forests of Fagus sylvatica and roughly corresponds to the sub-Atlantic belt of Pignatti [49]. In fact, in peninsular Italy, old-growth primary forest remnants can only be found at high elevation (say, >1600 m), whereas most beech forests are secondary old-growth forests, but occupy areas where they would be the natural vegetation anyway [56,57]. This vegetation represents a substantially natural closed vegetation.
- Montane grasslands (~700–1800 m). This form of secondary open vegetation is the result of anthropic activities (especially grazing) within the former belt.
- Pseudo-alpine grasslands (beyond the tree line) (~1600–2000 m). This belt is represented by the grassland vegetation above the tree line and corresponds to the Mediterraneo-altomontane belt of Pignatti [49]. It represents a substantially natural open vegetation.
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fattorini, S. The Role of Vegetation in Elevational Diversity Patterns of Tenebrionid Beetles in Central Italy. Diversity 2024, 16, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020110
Fattorini S. The Role of Vegetation in Elevational Diversity Patterns of Tenebrionid Beetles in Central Italy. Diversity. 2024; 16(2):110. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020110
Chicago/Turabian StyleFattorini, Simone. 2024. "The Role of Vegetation in Elevational Diversity Patterns of Tenebrionid Beetles in Central Italy" Diversity 16, no. 2: 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16020110