Gaps in Monitoring Leave Northern Australian Mammal Fauna with Uncertain Futures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mammal Decline in Northern Australia
2.1. Background
2.2. Recent Changes
2.3. Taxonomic Revisions and Imminent Extinctions
2.4. Northern Quoll as an Important Conservation Case Study
3. Causes: Cattle, Cats, Climate Change, Cane Toads, Diseases, and Fire?
3.1. Resurgence of Fire Application
3.2. Unsupported Assumptions Related to Fire Management
3.3. Introduced Animals
3.4. Diseases
3.5. Climate Change and Habitat Loss
4. Filling the Monitoring Gaps
4.1. Broadening the Research and Monitoring Network
- Very few systematic studies of fauna exist that establish baselines and monitor trends in abundance and distribution over time;
- Most studies are short-term, poorly designed, or incompatible, survey limited areas of habitat (poor coverage), are poorly coordinated, do not make data available adequately, do not report adequately, do not link well with management, and do not adequately examine demographics [242];
- Studies have concentrated in only a few areas and on a few species, leaving very large areas and most species unstudied.
4.2. Adjusting Monitoring Methods
- High confidence in the results of monitoring (statistical power of 0.8) could be achieved for moderate to large declines in only the most common and easily detected species;
- It was relatively poor for species with moderate occupancy and detectability, unless simulated declines were very large;
- For species with very low occupancy and detectability, no monitoring was able to detect even severe declines [13].
4.3. Scientific Permit Requirements for Live Trapping or Interference with Fauna
5. Monitoring and Regional Employment
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scientific Name | Common Name | Distribution | Conservation Status: National or International Level | Conservation Status: State/Territory Level | Summed Monitoring Score (1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EPBCA | IUCN | APAM | WA | NT | Qld | Score + (Naïve Score) *** | |||
TACHYGLOSSIDAE | |||||||||
Tachyglossus aculeatus | Short-beaked echidna | RX | LC | LC | SLC | 28 | |||
Zaglossus bruijnii | Western long-beaked echidna | X | CR | EX | |||||
ORNITHORHYNCHIDAE | |||||||||
Ornithorhynchus anatinus | Platypus | R | LC > NT | NT | 25 | ||||
DASYURIDAE | |||||||||
Antechinomys laniger | Kultarr | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Antechinus bellus | Fawn antechinus | VU | LC > VU | VU | EN | 19 | |||
Antechinus leo | Cinnamon antechinus | LC | LC | LC | n | ||||
Pseudantechinus bilarni | Sandstone antechinus | NT > LC | LC | LC | 20 | ||||
Pseudantechinus mimulus | Carpentarian antechinus | VU > nl | EN > NT | NT | LC | 15 | |||
Pseudantechinus ningbing | Ningbing antechinus | LC | LC | n | |||||
Dasyurus hallucatus | Northern quoll | R | EN | EN | EN | EN | CR | LC | 28 |
Dasyurus hallucatus hallucatus | Northern quoll (NT) | nl | nl | nl | 28 ** | ||||
Dasyurus hallucatus exilis | Northern quoll (Kimberley, WA) | nl | nl | nl | n (28) | ||||
Dasyurus hallucatus predator | Northern quoll (Cape York, Qld) | nl | nl | nl | n (12) | ||||
Dasyurus hallucatus (Pilbara) | Northern quoll (Pilbara, WA) | nl | nl | nl | n (28) | ||||
Dasyurus maculatus gracilis | Spotted-tailed quoll (northern subspecies) | nl | EN | EN | 24 | ||||
Phascogale pirata | Northern brush-tailed phascogale | VU | VU | VU | EN | 9 | |||
Phascogale tapoatafa kimberleyensis | Brush-tailed phascogale | R | NT > nl | NT | EN | 0 | |||
Planigale ingrami | Long-tailed planigale | R | LC | LC | n | ||||
Planigale maculata | Common planigale | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Sminthopsis archeri | Chestnut dunnart | X | DD | NT | NT | 0 | |||
Sminthopsis bindi | Kakadu dunnart | LC > NT | NT | 13 | |||||
Sminthopsis butleri | Butler’s dunnart | VU | VU | VU | EN > VU | NT > VU | 14 | ||
Sminthopsis douglasi | Julia Creek dunnart | EN > VU | NT | NT | EN | 16 | |||
Sminthopsis macroura | Stripe-faced dunnart | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Sminthopsis virginiae | Red-cheeked dunnart | X | LC | LC | n | ||||
PERAMELIDAE | |||||||||
Echymipera rufescens | Long-nosed echymipera | X | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Isoodon auratus auratus | Golden bandicoot | R | VU * | VU > nl | VU | EN * > VU | EN | 25 | |
Isoodon macrourus | Northern brown bandicoot | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Isoodon peninsulae | Cape York brown bandicoot | LC | LC | n | |||||
Perameles pallescens | Northern Long-nosed bandicoot | LC | LC | n | |||||
THYLACOMYIDAE | |||||||||
Macrotis lagotis | Greater bilby | R | VU | VU | VU | EN > VU | VU | EN | 25 |
PHASCOLARCTIDAE | |||||||||
Phascolarctos cinereus | Koala | R | (VU) > EN | LC > VU | VU | VU | 28 | ||
VOMBATIDAE | |||||||||
Lasiorhinus krefftii | Northern hairy-nosed wombat | R | EN > CR | CR | CR | EN > CR | 41 | ||
PETAURIDAE | |||||||||
Dactylopsila trivirgata | Striped possum | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Petaurus australis | Yellow-bellied glider | R | LC > NT | NT | 24 | ||||
Petaurus australis unnamed subsp. | Yellow-bellied glider (northern subspecies) | EN | n | ||||||
Petaurus breviceps | Sugar glider | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Petaurus gracilis | Mahogany glider | EN | EN | EN | EN | 18 | |||
Petaurus norfolcensis | Squirrel glider | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
PSEUDOCHEIRIDAE | |||||||||
Petauroides minor | Northern greater glider | nl as sp. | VU | n | |||||
Petauroides volans | Greater glider (southern) | R | VU | LC > VU | VU | VU | 19 | ||
Petropseudes dahli | Rock ringtail possum | LC | LC | P3 | LC | n | |||
ACROBATIDAE | |||||||||
Acrobates pygmaeus | Feathertail glider | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
PHALANGERIDAE | |||||||||
Spilocuscus maculatus | Common spotted cuscus | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Phalanger mimicus | Southern common cuscus | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Trichosurus vulpecula | Common brushtail possum | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Trichosurus vulpecula arnhemensis | Common brushtail possum (Arnhem subsp.) | nl | nl | 16 | |||||
Trichosurus vulpecula vulpecula | Common brushtail possum (NT and WA) | nl | EN | n | |||||
Trichosurus vulpecula eburacensis | Common brushtail possum (Cape York) | nl | n (0) | ||||||
Wyulda squamicaudata | Scaly-tailed possum | DD > NT | NT | P4 (NT) | 24 | ||||
POTOROIDAE | |||||||||
Aepyprymnus rufescens | Rufous bettong | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Bettongia lesueur | Boodie | R | NT | NT (CD) | 33 | ||||
Bettongia lesueur graii | Boodie | R | NT | NT (CD) | EN > EX | EX | n | ||
Bettongia tropica | Northern bettong | EN | EN | EN | EN | 23 | |||
MACROPODIDAE | |||||||||
Lagorchestes conspicillatus | Spectacled hare-wallaby | RX | LC | NT | LC | 0 | |||
Macropus agilis | Agile wallaby | RX | LC | LC | n | ||||
Osphranter(Macropus) antilopinus | Antilopine wallaroo | LC | LC | n | |||||
Osphranter(Macropus) bernardus | Black wallaroo | LC | NT | 0 | |||||
Notamacropus (Macropus) dorsalis | Black-striped wallaby | R | LC | LC | |||||
Macropus giganteus | Eastern grey kangaroo | R | LC | LC | |||||
Notamacropus (Macropus) parryi | Whiptail wallaby | R | LC | LC | |||||
Macropus robustus | Euro | R | LC | LC | |||||
Osphranter (Macropus) rufus | Red kangaroo | R | LC | LC | |||||
Onychogalea fraenata | Bridled nailtail wallaby | R | EN | EN > VU | VU | EN | 38 | ||
Onychogalea unguifera | Northern nailtail wallaby | LC | LC | LC | n | ||||
Petrogale assimilis | Allied rock-wallaby | LC | LC | LC | n | ||||
Petrogale brachyotis | Western short-eared rock-wallaby | LC | LC | 0 | |||||
Petrogale burbidgei | Monjon | NT | NT | P4 (NT) | 18 | ||||
Petrogale coenensis | Cape York rock-wallaby | EN | NT > EN | EN | VU | 0 | |||
Petrogale concinna | Nabarlek | DD > EN | NT | VU | 14 | ||||
Petrogale concinna canescens | Nabarlek (Top End) | VU > EN | nl | VU | EN | 0 | |||
Petrogale concinna concinna | Nabarlek (Victoria River district) | EN | nl | CR (poss. EX) | CR (poss. EX) | 0 | |||
Petrogale concinna monastria | Kimberley nabarlek | EN | nl | NT | EN | 15 | |||
Petrogale godmani | Godman’s rock-wallaby | LC > NT | NT | LC | 0 | ||||
Petrogale herberti | Herbert’s rock-wallaby | LC | LC | LC | n | ||||
Petrogale inornata | Unadorned rock-wallaby | LC | LC | LC | n | ||||
Petrogale lateralis | Black-footed rock-wallaby | R | EN > nl | NT | EN | VU | 25 | ||
Petrogale lateralis kimberleyensis | Black-footed rock-wallaby | R | EN | NT | EN | EN | 10 | ||
Petrogale mareeba | Mareeba rock-wallaby | LC > NT | NT | LC | 0 | ||||
Petrogale penicillata | Brush-tailed rock-wallaby | VU | VU | n | |||||
Petrogale persephone | Proserpine rock-wallaby | EN | EN | EN | EN | 32 | |||
Petrogale purpureicollis | Purple-necked rock-wallaby | LC > NT | NT | VU | 0 | ||||
Petrogale sharmani | Mount Claro rock-wallaby | NT > VU | VU | VU | 28 | ||||
Petrogale wilkinsi | Eastern short-eared rock-wallaby | LC > nl | LC | LC | n | ||||
Thylogale stigmatica | Red-legged pademelon | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Wallabia bicolor | Swamp wallaby | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
NOTORYCTIDAE | |||||||||
Notoryctes caurinus | Kakarratul | R | EN > nl | DD > LC | LC | EN > P4 (NT) | n (0) | ||
PTEROPODIDAE | |||||||||
Dobsonia magna | Bare-backed fruit bat | X | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Macroglossus minimus | Northern blossom bat | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Nyctimene robinsoni | Eastern tube-nosed bat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Pteropus alecto | Black flying-fox | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Pteropus conspicillatus | Spectacled flying-fox | RX | VU > EN | LC > EN | NT (CD) | EN | 28 | ||
Pteropus macrotis | Large-eared flying-fox | X | LC | LC | n | ||||
Pteropus scapulatus | Little red flying-fox | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Syconycteris australis | Eastern blossom bat | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
MEGADERMATIDAE | |||||||||
Macroderma gigas | Ghost bat | R | VU | VU | VU | NT > VU | NT | EN | 19 |
RHINOLOPHIDAE | |||||||||
Rhinolophus megaphyllus | Eastern horseshoe-bat | RX | LC | LC | n | ||||
Rhinolophus ‘intermediate’ | Lesser large-eared horseshoe-bat | VU | 0 | ||||||
Rhinolophus philippinensis (robertsi) | Greater large-eared horseshoe-bat | VU | VU >LC | NT | EN | 0 | |||
HIPPOSIDERIDAE | |||||||||
Hipposideros ater | Dusky leaf-nosed bat | X | LC | LC | n | ||||
Hipposideros cervinus | Fawn leaf-nosed Nat | X | LC | NT | VU | 9 | |||
Hipposideros diadema reginae | Diadem leaf-nosed bat | X | LC (as H. diadema) | NT | VU | 0 | |||
Hipposideros inornatus | Arnhem leaf-nosed bat | EN | VU | EN | VU | 0 | |||
Hipposideros semoni | Semon’s leaf-nosed bat | RX | EN > VU | DD > LC | NT | EN | 13 | ||
Hipposideros stenotis | Northern leaf-nosed bat | LC > VU | NT | NT > P2 | VU | 0 | |||
Rhinonicteris aurantia | Orange leaf-nosed bat | R | LC | LC | EN > P4 (NT) | VU | n | ||
EMBALLONURIDAE | |||||||||
Saccolaimus flaviventris | Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Saccolaimus mixtus | Cape York sheath-tailed bat | X | DD > NT | NT | LC | 0 | |||
Saccolaimus saccolaimus nudicluniatus | Bare-rumped sheath-tailed bat | X | LC | NT | NT | EN | 0 | ||
Taphozous australis | Coastal sheath-tailed bat | RX | NT | NT | NT | 0 | |||
Taphozous georgianus | Common sheath-tailed bat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Taphozous kapalgensis | Arnhem sheath-tailed bat | LC | LC | n | |||||
Taphazous troughtoni | Troughton’s sheath-tailed bat | DD > nl | LC | LC | n | ||||
MOLOSSIDAE | |||||||||
Austronomus australis | White-striped free-tailed bat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Chaerephon jobensis | Greater northern free-tailed bat | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Setirostris (Mormopterus) eleryi | Bristle-faced free-tailed bat | R | LC | LC | LC | 15 | |||
Ozimops (Mormopterus) lumsdenae | Northern free-tailed bat | R | LC | LC | n | ||||
Mormopterus ridei | Eastern free-tailed bat | R | LC | LC | n | ||||
Ozimops (Mormopterus) halli | Cape York free-tailed bat | DD | LC | 0 | |||||
Ozimops (Mormopterus) cobourgianus | North-western free-tailed bat | R | LC | n | |||||
MINIOPTERIDAE | |||||||||
Miniopterus australis | Little bent-winged bat | RX | LC | LC | LC | ||||
Miniopterus orianae | Common bent-wing bat | RX | NT > nl | LC | 36 | ||||
VESPERTILIONIDAE | |||||||||
Chalinolobus gouldii | Gould’s wattled bat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Chalinolobus nigrogriseus | Hoary wattled bat | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Murina florium | Flute-nosed bat | RX | LC | NT | VU | 13 | |||
Myotis macropus | Large-footed myotis | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Nyctophilus arnhemensis | Northern long-eared bat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Nyctophilus bifax | Eastern long-eared bat | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Nyctophilus daedalus | Pallid long-eared bat | LC | LC | n | |||||
Nyctophilus geoffroyi | Lesser long-eared bat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Nyctophilus gouldi | Gould’s long-eared bat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Nyctophilus walkeri | Pygmy long-eared bat | LC | LC | LC | n | ||||
Phoniscus papuensis | Golden-tipped bat | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Pipistrellus adamsi | Cape York pipistrelle | LC | LC | LC | n | ||||
Pipistrellus westralis | Northern pipistrelle | LC | LC | LC | n | ||||
Scotorepens balstoni | Inland broad-nosed bat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Scotorepens greyii | Little broad-nosed bat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Scotorepens sanborni | Northern broad-nosed bat | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Vespadelus caurinus | Western cave-bat | LC | LC | LC | n | ||||
Vespadelus douglasorum | Yellow-lipped cave bat | LC | LC | NT > P2 | n | ||||
Vespadelus finlaysoni | Inland cave bat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Vespadelus troughtoni | Eastern cave bat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
MURIDAE | |||||||||
Conilurus capricornensis | Capricornian rabbit-rat | R | EX | EX | n | ||||
Conilurus penicillatus | Brush-tailed rabbit-rat | X | VU | NT > VU | VU | EN | VU | 13 | |
Conilurus penicillatus melibius | Brush-tailed rabbit-rat (Tiwi Islands) | nl | nl | VU | 24 | ||||
Conilurus penicillatus penicillatus | Brush-tailed rabbit-rat (Kimberley, Top End) | nl | nl | VU | VU | 18 | |||
Hydromys chrysogaster | Water-rat | RX | LC | LC | NT | LC | n | ||
Leggadina lakedownensis | Northern short-tailed mouse | R | LC | LC | NT | LC | n | ||
Melomys burtoni | Grassland melomys | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Melomys capensis | Cape York melomys | LC | LC | LC | n | ||||
Melomys cervinipes | Fawn-footed melomys | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Melomys rubicola | Bramble Cay melomys | EN > EX | CR > EX | CR (PE) | EXW | n | |||
Mesembriomys gouldii | Black-footed tree-rat | NT > VU | VU | 16 | |||||
Mesembriomys gouldii gouldii (Kimberley and mainland NT) | Black-footed tree-rat | nl > EN | nl | VU | EN | LC | 16 | ||
Mesembriomys gouldii melvillensis (Melville Island) | Black-footed tree-rat | nl > VU | nl | VU | VU | LC | 22 | ||
Mesembriomys gouldii rattoides (north Queensland) | Black-footed tree-rat | nl > VU | nl | VU | LC | 0 | |||
Mesembriomys macrurus | Golden-backed tree-rat | VU > nl | LC > NT | NT | P4 (NT) | CR | 24 | ||
Notomys alexis | Spinifex hopping-mouse | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Notomys aquilo | Northern hopping-mouse | VU | VU | EN | VU | VU | VU | 16 | |
Notomys fuscus | Dusky hopping-mouse | nl > VU | EN | 20 | |||||
Pogonomys sp. | Tree mouse | R | LC | LC | n | ||||
Pseudomys calabyi | Kakadu pebble-mouse | VU | NT | NT | 18 | ||||
Pseudomys delicatulus | Delicate mouse | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Pseudomys desertor | Desert mouse | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Pseudomys gracilicaudatus | Eastern chestnut mouse | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Pseudomys johnsoni | Central pebble-mouse | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Pseudomys nanus | Western chestnut Mouse | LC | LC | LC | n | ||||
Pseudomys patrius | Eastern pebble-mouse | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Rattus colletti | Dusky rat | LC | LC | LC | n | ||||
Rattus fuscipes | Bush rat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Rattus leucopus | Cape York rat | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Rattus lutreolus | Swamp rat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Rattus sordidus | Canefield rat | R | LC | LC | CR > nl | LC | n | ||
Rattus tunneyi | Pale field-rat | R | LC | LC | VU | LC | 18 | ||
Rattus villosissimus | Long-haired rat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Uromys caudimaculatus | Giant white-tailed rat | RX | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Xeromys myoides | Water mouse | RX | VU | VU | VU | DD | VU | 21 | |
Zyzomys argurus | Common rock-rat | R | LC | LC | LC | n | |||
Zyzomys maini | Arnhem rock-rat | VU | VU | NT > VU | VU | VU | 25 | ||
Zyzomys palatalis | Carpentarian rock-rat | EN | EN | CR | CR | CR > EN | 24 | ||
Zyzomys woodwardi | Kimberley rock-rat | LC | LC | n | |||||
CANIDAE | |||||||||
Canis dingo | Dingo | R | LC | NT | 17 |
Rank (Out of 20 for Each Taxon) | Mammals | Extinction Likelihood |
---|---|---|
2 | Northern hopping-mouse, Notomys aquilo | 0.48 |
3 | Carpentarian rock-rat, Zyzomys palatalis | 0.44 |
5 | Black-footed tree-rat (Kimberley and mainland NT), Mesembriomys gouldii gouldii | 0.39 |
8 | Nabarlek (Top End), Petrogale concinna canescens | 0.29 |
9 | Brush-tailed phascogale (Kimberley), Phascogale tapoatafa kimberleyensis | 0.28 |
10 | Brush-tailed rabbit-rat (Kimberley and Top End), Conilurus penicillatus penicillatus | 0.25 |
12 | Northern brush-tailed phascogale, Phascogale pirata | 0.23 |
15 | Brush-tailed rabbit-rat (Tiwi Islands), Conilurus penicillatus melibius | 0.21 |
19 | Northern bettong, Bettongia tropica | 0.14 |
Birds | ||
20 | Alligator Rivers yellow chat, Epthianura crocea tunneyi | 0.15 |
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Preece, N.; Fitzsimons, J. Gaps in Monitoring Leave Northern Australian Mammal Fauna with Uncertain Futures. Diversity 2022, 14, 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14030158
Preece N, Fitzsimons J. Gaps in Monitoring Leave Northern Australian Mammal Fauna with Uncertain Futures. Diversity. 2022; 14(3):158. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14030158
Chicago/Turabian StylePreece, Noel, and James Fitzsimons. 2022. "Gaps in Monitoring Leave Northern Australian Mammal Fauna with Uncertain Futures" Diversity 14, no. 3: 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14030158