Functional Diversity Effects of Vegetation on Runoff to Design Herbaceous Hedges for Sediment Retention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Plant Functional Traits Measurements
2.3. Characterisation of the Community Functional Structure
2.4. Hydraulic Measurements
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Variation of Community-Weighted Trait and the Unit Stream Power
3.2. Variation of Functional Diversity within the Communities
3.3. Variation of Functional Diversity and the Unit Stream Power
4. Discussion
4.1. Non-Additive Effect of the Functional Diversity on Hydraulic Roughness
4.2. Implication to Design Herbaceous Hedges for Sediment Retention
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Discharges | C | T | F | P | CTF | CTFP | ANOVA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 = 2 L s−1 m−1 | 0.0035 (±0.0008) a | 0.0035 (±0.0007) a | 0.0015 (±0.0001) b | 0.0034 (±0.0011) a | 0.0033 (±0.0001) a | 0.0039 (±0.0008) a | 5.29 ** |
Q2 = 4 L s−1 m−1 | 0.0046 (±0.0007) a | 0.0051 (±0.0009) a | 0.0021 (±0.0001) b | 0.0046 (±0.0011) a | 0.0044 (±0.0002) a | 0.0053 (±0.0008) a | 8.8 *** |
Q3 = 8 L s−1 m−1 | 0.0066 (±0.001) a | 0.0083 (±0.0013) a | 0.0032 (±0.0002) b | 0.0067 (±0.0013) a | 0.0064 (±0.0004) a | 0.0077 (±0.0015) a | 10.92 *** |
Q4 = 11 L s−1 m−1 | 0.0078 (±0.0011) a | 0.0105 (±0.0015) a | 0.0038 (±0.0001) b | 0.0079 (±0.0016) a | 0.0077 (±0.0006) a | 0.009 (±0.0017) a | 12.64 *** |
Community-Weighted Traits | C | T | F | P | CTFP | CTF | ANOVA /Kruskal-Wallis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CW-LA (mm2) | 1575.8 (±144.6) a | 4168.5 (±1049.5) b | 3130 (±298.4) bc | 3054.4 (±331.1) bc | 3116.2 (±605.6) bc | 2715.9 (±224.8) ac | 9.28 *** |
CW-LD5 (dm−2) | 96.3 (±15.6) a | 12 (±2.6) b | 193.1 (±73.3) c | 46.6 (±24.5) a | 91.2 (±7.1) abc | 111.2 (±21.8) abc | 18.99 ** |
CW-LD10 (dm−2) | 148.8 (±30.8) a | 20.8 (±1.5) b | 280.3 (±79.6) c | 74.9 (±43.1) ab | 154.8 (±37.8) a | 171.7 (±31.4) ac | 15.53 *** |
CW-LD20 (dm−2) | 236.5 (±43.4) a | 38.8 (±2.6) b | 423.9 (±61.4) c | 108.5 (±61.4) bd | 214.8 (±79.7) ad | 212.8 (±40.2) ad | 24.89 *** |
CW-DLA5 (mm2 dm−2) | 153,175 (±35,395) a | 50,527 (±20,693) b | 599,417 (±210,360) c | 147,223 (±90,166) ab | 229,484 (±25,910) abc | 251,565 (±59,698) abc | 17.96 ** |
CW-DLA10 (mm2 dm−2) | 236,709 (±61,527) a | 86,420 (±23,545) b | 868,938 (±216,666) c | 237,161 (±156,858) a | 406,719 (±121,334) abc | 389,669 (±77,960) abc | 17.63 ** |
CW-DLA20 (mm2 dm−2) | 376,697 (±93,429) a | 163,234 (±48,516) b | 1,325,651 (±212,015) c | 343,506 (±223,961) ab | 573,873 (±251,557) abc | 474,577 (±79,275) abc | 15.91 ** |
CW-DSA5 (mm2 dm−2) | 4675.3 (±1258.3) a | 2263.4 (±593.7) a | 19,926 (±7469.9) b | 3880.1 (±2061) a | 6088.6 (±1345) ab | 5579.4 (±1499.8) ab | 15.48 ** |
CW-DSA10 (mm2 dm−2) | 9226.5 (±2471.1) a | 4412.9 (±1116.5) a | 40,673 (±15,603) b | 7458.3 (±3858.2) a | 12,040 (±2561.4) ab | 11,169 (±2975.2) ab | 15.95 ** |
CW-DSA20 (mm2 dm−2) | 16,841 (±4587.3) a | 8739.8 (±2140.3) a | 82,565 (±30,896) b | 14,356 (±7515.9) a | 23,190 (±5038.9) ab | 21,497 (±5331.6) ab | 16.09 ** |
CW-DSDm5 (mm dm−2) | 93.5 (±25.2) a | 45.3 (±11.9) a | 398.5 (±149.4) b | 77.6 (±41.2) a | 121.8 (±26.9) ab | 111.6 (±30) ab | 15.48 ** |
CW-DSDm10 (mm dm−2) | 92.3 (±24.7) a | 44.1 (±11.2) a | 406.7 (±156) b | 74.6 (±38.6) a | 120.4 (±25.6) ab | 111.7 (±29.8) ab | 15.95 ** |
CW-DSDm20 (mm dm−2) | 91.5 (±24) a | 43.7 (±10.7) a | 412.8 (±154.5) b | 71.8 (±37.6) a | 119.2 (±25.4) ab | 110.6 (±27.1) ab | 15.95 ** |
Traits | CTF | CTFP | t/W |
---|---|---|---|
LA (mm2) | 0.7454 (±0.0836) | 0.7614 (±0.0735) | −0.24864 ns |
LD5 (dm−2) | 0.9855 (±0.0009) | 0.9883 (±0.0006) | −4.5579 * |
LD10 (dm−2) | 0.9879 (±0.0008) | 0.9905 (±0.0007) | −4.1791 * |
LD20 (dm−2) | 0.9889 (±0.0009) | 0.9917 (±0.001) | −3.6474 * |
DSA5 (mm2 dm−2) | 0.9967 (±0.0002) | 0.9974 (±0.0002) | −4.9464 * |
DSA10 (mm2 dm−2) | 0.9972 (±0.0002) | 0.9979 (±0.0001) | −5.5758 ** |
DSA20 (mm2 dm−2) | 0.9976 (±0.0001) | 0.9982 (±0.0001) | −6.6792 ** |
DSDm5 (mm dm−2) | 0.9878 (±0.0013) | 0.9903 (±0.0009) | −2.7224 ° |
DSDm10 (mm dm−2) | 0.9878 (±0.0012) | 0.9902 (±0.0009) | −2.8 ° |
DSDm20 (mm dm−2) | 0.9878 (±0.001) | 0.9902 (±0.0009) | −3.0036 * |
DLA5 (mm2 dm−2) | 0.9986 (±0.00003) | 0.999 (±0.00003) | 0 ns |
DLA10 (mm2 dm−2) | 0.9987 (±0.00002) | 0.9991 (±0.0001) | −11.108 ** |
DLA20 (mm2 dm−2) | 0.9988 (±0.00003) | 0.9992 (±0.0001) | −8.8503 ** |
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Kervroëdan, L.; Armand, R.; Saunier, M.; Faucon, M.-P. Functional Diversity Effects of Vegetation on Runoff to Design Herbaceous Hedges for Sediment Retention. Diversity 2020, 12, 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040131
Kervroëdan L, Armand R, Saunier M, Faucon M-P. Functional Diversity Effects of Vegetation on Runoff to Design Herbaceous Hedges for Sediment Retention. Diversity. 2020; 12(4):131. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040131
Chicago/Turabian StyleKervroëdan, Léa, Romain Armand, Mathieu Saunier, and Michel-Pierre Faucon. 2020. "Functional Diversity Effects of Vegetation on Runoff to Design Herbaceous Hedges for Sediment Retention" Diversity 12, no. 4: 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040131