Ecology and Environmental Impact of Myriophyllum heterophyllum, an Aggressive Invader in European Waterways
1
CNRS, LIEC, Université de Lorraine, F-57000 Metz, France
2
VNF/DT Nord-Est, AEME, Gestion des Milieux, 169, rue de Newcastle, CS 80062, 54036 Nancy, CEDEX, France
3
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diversity 2020, 12(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040127
Received: 29 February 2020 / Revised: 21 March 2020 / Accepted: 24 March 2020 / Published: 30 March 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Invasive Aquatic Plants)
The submerged evergreen aquatic plant Myriophyllum heterophyllum is among the worst invasive species in Europe, causing severe problems especially in navigation channels but also lentic systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview and update on the current distribution and risks associated with this species in Europe and elsewhere. We provide an evaluation of current identification keys since misidentification can underestimate the extent of its spread. In addition, hybridization with other milfoil species has been reported in North America but seems unlikely in Europe. We further describe in detail the ecology, specifically resource requirements and biotic interactions with other plants, herbivores and pathogens as well as the spread potential of the species. Good knowledge of the autecology and synecology of this species should allow some conclusions about environmental factors possibly related to its invasive growth and is mandatory for the preparation of species-specific management measures. Finally, we outline the status of regulations coming into effect in member states of the European Union (EU) and provide an overview of applied and potential management practices.
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Keywords:
Haloragaceae; invasion spread; ecological niche; alkalinity; nitrogen
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MDPI and ACS Style
Gross, E.M.; Groffier, H.; Pestelard, C.; Hussner, A. Ecology and Environmental Impact of Myriophyllum heterophyllum, an Aggressive Invader in European Waterways. Diversity 2020, 12, 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040127
AMA Style
Gross EM, Groffier H, Pestelard C, Hussner A. Ecology and Environmental Impact of Myriophyllum heterophyllum, an Aggressive Invader in European Waterways. Diversity. 2020; 12(4):127. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040127
Chicago/Turabian StyleGross, Elisabeth M.; Groffier, Hélène; Pestelard, Cécile; Hussner, Andreas. 2020. "Ecology and Environmental Impact of Myriophyllum heterophyllum, an Aggressive Invader in European Waterways" Diversity 12, no. 4: 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040127
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