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Volume 27
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10.3390/ijms27010311
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Article

Dual Action of Ivy and Strawberry Essential Oils: Induction of MdPR10 Gene Expression and Antimicrobial Effects in Apple Fruits

by
Lucia Urbanová
1,
Jana Žiarovská
2,*,
Stefania Garzoli
3,
Soham Bhattacharya
4,
Miroslava Kačániová
5,6 and
Maciej Ireneusz Kluz
7
1
Research Centre AgroBioTech, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
2
Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
3
Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
4
Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Suchdol, Czech Republic
5
Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
6
School of Medical & Health Sciences, VIZJA University, 01043 Warszawa, Poland
7
Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Kraków, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010311 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 24 November 2025 / Revised: 23 December 2025 / Accepted: 24 December 2025 / Published: 27 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Pathogen Interactions: 3rd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

One significant trend in the research of plant treatment methods is that regarding the use of natural-based methods in plant protection. In this study, antimicrobial activity and changes in MdPR10 gene expression were tested for a total of five plant pathogens in a model of apple fruits, where strawberry and ivy EOs were used. The vapor-phase chemical composition of both EOs was profiled using HS-GC-MS. qRT-PCR was applied for a bacterial response analysis, together with disk diffusion assays, and minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined. To elucidate the molecular basis of the antibacterial potential of essential oils (EOs), docking analyses were performed. For Xanthomonas arboricola and Pectobacterium carotovorum, the presence of EOs resulted in the downregulation of MdPR10. Strawberry EO was more effective against weakly virulent strains of bacteria; ivy EO had greater inhibitory effects. HS-GC-MS detected 13 volatiles in strawberry EO—dominated by ethyl butyrate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and ethyl 3-methylbutanoate—and 16 in ivy EO, characterized by monoterpenes and monoterpenoids with 1,8-cineole as the principal component. P-cymene showed the most potent binding activity against D-alanine–D-alanine ligase. Ivy EO has the potential to be effective as a natural preservative alternative mainly in postharvest technology.
Keywords: MdPR10 gene expression; secondary metabolites; Malus domestica Borkh..; Xanthomonas arboricola; Pectobacterium carotovorum; Pseudomonas syringae; Agrobacterium radiobacter; Priestia megaterium MdPR10 gene expression; secondary metabolites; Malus domestica Borkh..; Xanthomonas arboricola; Pectobacterium carotovorum; Pseudomonas syringae; Agrobacterium radiobacter; Priestia megaterium

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MDPI and ACS Style

Urbanová, L.; Žiarovská, J.; Garzoli, S.; Bhattacharya, S.; Kačániová, M.; Kluz, M.I. Dual Action of Ivy and Strawberry Essential Oils: Induction of MdPR10 Gene Expression and Antimicrobial Effects in Apple Fruits. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010311

AMA Style

Urbanová L, Žiarovská J, Garzoli S, Bhattacharya S, Kačániová M, Kluz MI. Dual Action of Ivy and Strawberry Essential Oils: Induction of MdPR10 Gene Expression and Antimicrobial Effects in Apple Fruits. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026; 27(1):311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010311

Chicago/Turabian Style

Urbanová, Lucia, Jana Žiarovská, Stefania Garzoli, Soham Bhattacharya, Miroslava Kačániová, and Maciej Ireneusz Kluz. 2026. "Dual Action of Ivy and Strawberry Essential Oils: Induction of MdPR10 Gene Expression and Antimicrobial Effects in Apple Fruits" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 27, no. 1: 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010311

APA Style

Urbanová, L., Žiarovská, J., Garzoli, S., Bhattacharya, S., Kačániová, M., & Kluz, M. I. (2026). Dual Action of Ivy and Strawberry Essential Oils: Induction of MdPR10 Gene Expression and Antimicrobial Effects in Apple Fruits. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 27(1), 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010311

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