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Review

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Treatment and the Most Important Complications

by
Ewelina Młynarska
1,*,
Witold Czarnik
1,
Natasza Dzieża
1,
Weronika Jędraszak
1,
Gabriela Majchrowicz
1,
Filip Prusinowski
1,
Magdalena Stabrawa
1,
Jacek Rysz
2 and
Beata Franczyk
1
1
Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
2
Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031094
Submission received: 20 December 2024 / Revised: 19 January 2025 / Accepted: 22 January 2025 / Published: 27 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Type 2 Diabetes and Its Complications)
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Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a prevalent chronic disease affecting over 400 million people globally, is driven by genetic and environmental factors. The pathogenesis involves insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, mediated by mechanisms such as the dedifferentiation of β-cells, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Treatment should be based on non-pharmacological therapy. Strategies such as increased physical activity, dietary modifications, cognitive-behavioral therapy are important in maintaining normal glycemia. Advanced therapies, including SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, complement these treatments and offer solid glycemic control, weight control, and reduced cardiovascular risk. Complications of T2DM, such as diabetic kidney disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy, underscore the need for early diagnosis and comprehensive management to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Keywords: diabetes type 2; diabetes complications; pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes; diabetes treatment; cardiovascular disease; stroke; peripheral artery disease; chronic kidney disease; retinopathy; neuropathy; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetes diabetes type 2; diabetes complications; pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes; diabetes treatment; cardiovascular disease; stroke; peripheral artery disease; chronic kidney disease; retinopathy; neuropathy; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetes

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MDPI and ACS Style

Młynarska, E.; Czarnik, W.; Dzieża, N.; Jędraszak, W.; Majchrowicz, G.; Prusinowski, F.; Stabrawa, M.; Rysz, J.; Franczyk, B. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Treatment and the Most Important Complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031094

AMA Style

Młynarska E, Czarnik W, Dzieża N, Jędraszak W, Majchrowicz G, Prusinowski F, Stabrawa M, Rysz J, Franczyk B. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Treatment and the Most Important Complications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(3):1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031094

Chicago/Turabian Style

Młynarska, Ewelina, Witold Czarnik, Natasza Dzieża, Weronika Jędraszak, Gabriela Majchrowicz, Filip Prusinowski, Magdalena Stabrawa, Jacek Rysz, and Beata Franczyk. 2025. "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Treatment and the Most Important Complications" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 3: 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031094

APA Style

Młynarska, E., Czarnik, W., Dzieża, N., Jędraszak, W., Majchrowicz, G., Prusinowski, F., Stabrawa, M., Rysz, J., & Franczyk, B. (2025). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Treatment and the Most Important Complications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(3), 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031094

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