Coffee and Its Major Polyphenols in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Coffee and T2DM
2.1. Evidence from Epidemiological and Clinical Studies
2.2. Experimental Evidence from Animal Studies
3. Potential Role of Chlorogenic Acid and Related Hydroxycinnamic Acids in T2DM
Compound | Content in Coffee | Reference |
---|---|---|
Chlorogenic acid | 76–84% of total chlorogenic acids; approx. 100 mg/g dry weight (green coffee beans) | [46] |
Caffeic acid | 63.1–96.0 mg/100 mL brewed coffee | [47] |
Ferulic acid | 9.1–14.3 mg/100 g coffee | [44,48,49] |
p-Coumaric acid | Approx. 5 mg/200 mL brewed coffee (1 cup) | [50] |
Sinapic acid | 350–1750 mg/L coffee beverage (70–350 mg/200 mL serving); 10.34 and 10.89 mg/100 g (green/light roast beans) | [51,52] |
3.1. Potential Role of Chlorogenic Acid in T2DM
3.1.1. In Vitro Studies
3.1.2. Animal Studies
3.1.3. Human Studies
3.2. Potential Role of Caffeic Acid in T2DM
3.2.1. In Vitro Studies
3.2.2. In Vivo Studies
3.3. Potential Role of Ferulic Acid in T2DM
3.3.1. In Vitro Studies
3.3.2. Animal Studies
3.3.3. Human Studies
3.4. Potential Role of p-Coumaric Acid in T2DM
3.4.1. In Vitro Studies
3.4.2. In Vivo Studies
3.5. Potential Role of Sinapic Acid in T2DM
4. Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AGEs | Advanced glycation end products |
AMPK | Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
FOXO1 | Forkhead box protein O1 |
G6Pase | Glucose-6-phosphatase |
GLP-1 | Glucagon-like peptide-1 |
GLUT2 | Glucose transporter 2 |
HbA1c | Hemoglobin A1c |
HDL | High-density lipoprotein |
HFD | High-fat diet |
HNF | Hepatocyte nuclear factor |
HPLC | High-performance liquid chromatography |
IL | Interleukin |
LDL | Low-density lipoprotein |
MGAT1 | Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor kappa B |
Nrf | Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor |
PEPCK | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase |
PI3K | Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase |
PPA | Pancreatic α-amylase |
PPAR | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
RCTs | Randomized controlled trials |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
SGLT2 | Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
SREBP1c | Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c |
STZ | Streptozotocin |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-α |
T2DM | Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
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Study | Population/Model | Key Findings |
---|---|---|
Huxley et al. [15] | 457,000+ participants (18 prospective cohorts; median follow-up: 2–20 yrs) | 7% ↓ risk per cup/day (dose-dependent) |
Bhupathiraju et al. [16] | 120,000+ participants (3 U.S. cohorts; follow-up: 4 yr diabetes risk assessed after 4 yr coffee intake) | 12% ↓ risk with >1 cup/day |
Iso et al. [17] | Japanese adults (follow-up: 5 yrs) | 42% ↓ risk with ≥3 cups/day |
Muley et al. [18] | 1,200,000+ participants (13 cohorts; varied follow-up: 5–18 yrs | ↓ risk with 4–6 or ≥6–7 cups/day (filtered and decaf. favored) |
Ding et al. [19] | 1,100,000+ participants (28 prospective cohorts; follow-up: 10 mos~18 yrs) | 33% ↓ risk with 6 cups/day (dose-dependent) |
Jiang et al. [20] | 1,000,000+ participants (meta-analysis; varied follow-up: 2.6–24 yrs) | 21–30% ↓ risk in highest vs. lowest intake (coffee, decaf., caf.) |
van Dam et al. [26] | Healthy adults (4 wk intervention) | ↑ fasting insulin (caf. coffee)/no change in glucose |
Wedick et al. [27] | Overweight adults (8 wk intervention) | ↑ adiponectin (caf.), ↓ fetuin-A (decaf.) |
Kempf et al. [30] | Nondiabetic adults < 65 y at elevated risk of T2DM (8 wk intervention) | ↑ CGA/CA metabolites, ↓ IL-18, ↑ adiponectin, HDL C with 8 cups/day |
Thom [31] | Healthy adults/Overweight adults (12 wk intervention) | 6.9% ↓ glucose absorption in healthy adults/5.4 kg ↓ body weight in overweight adults (CGA-enriched coffee) |
Ohnaka et al. [32] | Overweight men with IFG (16 wk intervention) | ↓ post-load glucose and waist (caf.); slight ↓ glucose (decaf.) |
Fernández-Cardero et al. [33] | Overweight adults (12 wk intervention) | ↓ fat % (LRC > RC); ↑ muscle %; no weight or MetS change |
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Kim, H.; Kim, S.R.; Jung, U.J. Coffee and Its Major Polyphenols in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 5544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125544
Kim H, Kim SR, Jung UJ. Coffee and Its Major Polyphenols in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(12):5544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125544
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, HwiCheol, Sang Ryong Kim, and Un Ju Jung. 2025. "Coffee and Its Major Polyphenols in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 12: 5544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125544
APA StyleKim, H., Kim, S. R., & Jung, U. J. (2025). Coffee and Its Major Polyphenols in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(12), 5544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125544