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Article

SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breastmilk Three and Six Months Postpartum in Relation to the Trimester of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection—An Exploratory Study

by
Line Fich
1,*,†,
Ann-Marie Hellerung Christiansen
1,†,
Anna Christine Nilsson
2,
Johanna Lindman
1,
Helle Gybel Juul-Larsen
3,
Christine Bo Hansen
1,
Nina la Cour Freiesleben
4,5,
Mohammed Rohi Khalil
6 and
Henriette Svarre Nielsen
1,5
1
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
2
Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
3
Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
4
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
5
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
6
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lillebaelt Hospital, 6000 Kolding, Denmark
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(6), 3269; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063269
Submission received: 6 January 2024 / Revised: 6 March 2024 / Accepted: 6 March 2024 / Published: 13 March 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 and Future Pathogens)
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Abstract

The immune system of neonates is immature and therefore knowledge of possible early-life protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as breastfeeding, is of great importance. Few studies have investigated the presence and duration of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breastmilk in relation to the trimester of maternal infection during pregnancy, and none with successful participation from all three trimesters. This study has dual objectives (1) in relation to the trimester of infection to examine the frequency, concentration and duration of IgA and IgG antibodies in breastmilk and blood serum in the third and sixth month post-partum in former SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers and (2) to examine the association in pediatric emergency admission of children within the first six months of life compared to children of non-SARS-CoV-2-infected women. The first objective is based on a prospective cohort and the second is based on a nested case–control design. The study participants are women with a former SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy, whose serology IgG tests at delivery were still positive. Maternal blood and breastmilk samples were collected at three and six months postpartum. Serum IgA frequency three months pp was 72.7% (50%, 90% and 60% in the first, second and third trimester) and 82% six months pp (67%, 91% and 82% in the first, second and third trimester). Breastmilk IgA frequency three months pp was 27% (16.6%, 36% and 20% in first, second and third trimester) and 28% six months pp (0%, 38% and 28% in the first, second and third trimester). The highest IgA concentration in breastmilk was found six months post-partum with infection in the third trimester. Serum IgA was detectable more than 400 days post infection, and serum IgG above threshold was found 430 days after date of infection. We found no correlation between serum IgA and breastmilk IgA, nor between serum IgG and breastmilk IgA regardless of the trimester of infection.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; breastmilk; antibodies; maternal–neonate immunology; trimester of infection; human research SARS-CoV-2; breastmilk; antibodies; maternal–neonate immunology; trimester of infection; human research

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Fich, L.; Christiansen, A.-M.H.; Nilsson, A.C.; Lindman, J.; Juul-Larsen, H.G.; Hansen, C.B.; la Cour Freiesleben, N.; Khalil, M.R.; Nielsen, H.S. SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breastmilk Three and Six Months Postpartum in Relation to the Trimester of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection—An Exploratory Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063269

AMA Style

Fich L, Christiansen A-MH, Nilsson AC, Lindman J, Juul-Larsen HG, Hansen CB, la Cour Freiesleben N, Khalil MR, Nielsen HS. SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breastmilk Three and Six Months Postpartum in Relation to the Trimester of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection—An Exploratory Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(6):3269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063269

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fich, Line, Ann-Marie Hellerung Christiansen, Anna Christine Nilsson, Johanna Lindman, Helle Gybel Juul-Larsen, Christine Bo Hansen, Nina la Cour Freiesleben, Mohammed Rohi Khalil, and Henriette Svarre Nielsen. 2024. "SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breastmilk Three and Six Months Postpartum in Relation to the Trimester of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection—An Exploratory Study" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 6: 3269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063269

APA Style

Fich, L., Christiansen, A.-M. H., Nilsson, A. C., Lindman, J., Juul-Larsen, H. G., Hansen, C. B., la Cour Freiesleben, N., Khalil, M. R., & Nielsen, H. S. (2024). SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Breastmilk Three and Six Months Postpartum in Relation to the Trimester of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection—An Exploratory Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(6), 3269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063269

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